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FIRST 



LESSONS IN LATIN; 



AN INTRODUCTION 



ANDREWS AND STODDARD'S 



LATIN GRAMMAR. 



BY PROF. E. A. ANDREWS. 



TENTH EDITION 



BOSTON: 



PUBLISHED BY CROCKER AND BREWSTER, 

47 Washington Street. 

1848. 



^ 






\ 



%a % 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, 

By Crocker and Brewster, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 



am 

Mrs. Hennen Jennings 
April 26, 1933 



STEREOTYPED AT THE 
BOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY 



PREFACE. 



The following work consists of two distinct parts. The 
first is an abstract of Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Gram- 
mart comprising the most important principles of that work, 
together with its paradigms. As the abridgment is intended 
to serve as an introduction to the larger Grammar, the lan- 
guage and arrangement of the latter are in general retained. 

The second part consists of Exercises in Syntax, Reading 
Lessons, and a Vocabulary. 

The Exercises are designed to illustrate the principal rules 
of Latin construction, and to render the student familiar with 
the various grammatical inflections. They are divided into 
two parts. The first consists of Latin sentences exemplifying 
the rules under which they are severally arranged; the 
second, of English examples, in the translation of which into 
Latin the same principles are to be applied. 

The Reading Lessons consist of three parts. The first, 
embracing a brief compendium of the Life of Joseph, is taken, 
with only a few slight alterations, from the well-known 
Epitome Historiae Sacrae of Prof. Lhomond. The remaining 
parts, consisting of Fables, and a version, with some varia- 
tions, of an ancient and popular English tale, are taken from 
the lessons of Broder To the Reading Lessons are subjoined 
notes, serving to explain the more difficult grammatical con- 
structions by reference to the principles contained in the 
first part 



4 



PREFACE. 



In preparing the Vocabulary, care has been taken to render 
it as concise as possible, and yet to omit nothing of essential 
importance to the student while perusing the Exercises and 
Reading Lessons. 

To prevent, as far as was practicable, the erroneous habits 
of pronunciation ivhich students so often acquire in the com- 
mencement of their Latin course, the inflected words in this, 
as in the larger Grammar, are divided into syllables, and the 
place of the accent carefully marked. If the instructor will 
see that no error occurs in pronouncing the paradigms, and 
that the subsequent lessons are first studied with reference to 
pronunciation alone, according to the rules of Orthoepy on 
the ninth and tenth pages, he will save himself and his pupils 
much labor at a subsequent period, in attempting to correct 
bad habits after they have become nearly inveterate. 

Juvenile classes, commencing with this volume, and con- 
tinuing to review it until familiar with every part, will be well 
qualified to enter upon the study of the Reader in connection 
with the larger Grammar. It will be found a useful exercise 
for all classes, and especially for the younger ones, to prepare 
accurate, written translations of their Latin lessons, and on a 
subsequent day to retranslate them into Latin without refer- 
ence to the original. Exercises of this kind should at first be 
short, but may be gradually extended to almost any required 
length. By this means English words and phrases may be 
made to suggest to the student the corresponding Latin ones, 
in the same manner that the Latin usually suggests the 
proper English expressioa 

Boston, July 4, 1833. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Orthography, 7 

Orthoepy, 9 

Etymology, 10 

Nouns, 11 

Gender, 11 

Number, 12 

Cases,.. 12 

Declensions, 13 

First Declension, 15 

Second Declension, 16 

Third Declension, 18 

Fourth Declension, 25 

Fifth Declension, 27 

Adjectives, 27 

First and Second Declension,. 27 

Third Declension, 30 

Numeral Adjectives, 34 

Comparison of Adjectives,... 36 

Pronouns, '. 39 

Substantive Pronouns, 40 

Adjective Pronouns, 40 

Demonstrative Pronouns, ....40 

Intensive Pronouns, 43 

Relative Pronouns, 43 

Interrogative Pronouns, 44 

Indefinite Pronouns, 45 

Possessive Pronouns, 46 

Patrial Pronouns, 46 

Reflexive Pronouns, 47 

Verbs,... 47 

Moods, 48 

Tenses, 49 

Numbers, 50 

Persons, 50 

Participles, Gerunds, and Su- 
pines, 50 

Conjugation, 51 

Sum 52 



Page. 

First Conjugation, 56 

Second Conjugation, ,..63 

Third Conjugation, 68 

Fourth Conjugation, 76 

Deponent Verbs, 81 

Irregular Verbs, 82 

Defective Verbs, 87 

Impersonal Verbs, 90 

Particles, 91 

Adverbs, 91 

Prepositions, 91 

Conjunctions, 91 

Interjections, 92 

Syntax, 92 

Apposition, 94 

Adjectives, 95 

Relatives, 97 

Possessives, 97 

Nominative, 97 

Genitive, 99 

Dative, 103 

Accusative, 105 

Vocative, 109 

Ablative, ! 109 

Subjunctive Mood, 115 

Infinitive Mood, 119 

Participles, ; 120 

Gerunds and Gerundives,. . • . 121 

Supines, 122 

Adverbs, 123 

Conjunctions, 123 

Arrangement, 124 

Analysis and Parsing, .....125 

Exercises in Syntax, 129 

Reading Lessons, 156 

Life of Joseph, 156 

Fables, 171 

Whittington and his Cat,... 177 
Vocabulary, 180 



ADDITIONS TO THE VOCABULARY. 

See p. 180. 



iEmilius, i ; m. JEmilius, a Roman 
name. 

Ambitus, us, m. bribery. 

Asteria, ae, f. Asteria, the mother 
of the Tyrian Hercules. 

Augur, iiris, c. an augur, a sooth- 
sayer. 

Cadmus, i, m. Cadmus, a Phoeni- 
cian. 

Foris, adv. abroad. 



Lebadia, ae, f. Lebadia, a town of 
Boeotia. 

Milo, onis, m. Milo,a distinguished 
Roman. 

Paul us, i, m. (^Emilius) Paulus, a 
Roman general. 

Trophonius, i, m. Trophonius, a 
title of Jupiter. 

Tyrus,i,f. Tyre, a city of Phoeni- 
cia. 



FIRST LESSONS 



1. Latin Grammar teaches the principles of the 

Latin language. 

2. It is divided into Orthography, Orthoepy, Ety- 
mology, Syntax, and Prosody. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 

3. Orthography treats of the letters and other char- 
acters of a language, and the proper mode of spelling 
words. 

4. The letters of the Latin language are twenty-four. 

5. They have the same names as the corresponding 
characters in English. 

They are A, a; B, b; C, c; D, d; E, e; F, f; 
G, g; H, h; I, i; J, j; L, 1; M, m; N, n; O, o; 
P, p; Q, q; R, r; S, s; T, t; U, u; V, v; X, x; 
Y, y; Z, z. 



1. What does Latin Grammar teach? 

2. Into what parts is it divided? 

3. Of what does Orthography treat? 

4. How many letters has the Latin language ? 

5. What are their names ? 



8 ORTHOGRAPHY. 

6. K and W are not found in Latin words. 

7. Letters are divided into vowels and consonants. 

8. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y. 

9. Of the consonants, /, m, n, and r, are called 
liquids. 

10. X and z are called double letters. X stands for 
cs or gs ; and z for ds or £s. 

11. The other consonants, except h and 5, are called 
mutes, 

12. Two vowels, in immediate succession, in the 
same syllable, are called a diphthong ; as, ae in mu'-sae, 
or eu in heu. 

13. A sAor/ vowel is marked by a curved line over 
it ; as, i in dom'-i-nus. 

14. A long vowel is marked by a horizontal line 
over it; as, o in ser-mo'-nis. 

15. A common or doubtful vowel is marked by both 
a curved and a horizontal line ; as, u in vol'-u-cris. 

16. The circumflex accent denotes a contraction; as, 
num-mum for num-mo'-rum. 

17. The grave accent is sometimes written over 
particles to distinguish them from other words contain- 
ing the same letters ; as, quod, because ; quod, which. 

18. The diceresis denotes that the vowel over which 
it stands, does not form a diphthong with the preceding 
vowel ; as, aer, the air. 



6. What Eng-lish letters are not found in Latin ? 

7. How are letters divided 1 

8. Which are vowels ? 

9. Which of the consonants are liquids ? 

10. Which are double letters ? 

11. What are the other consonants called ? 

12. What is a diphthong- ? 

13. How is a short vowel marked ? 

14. How is a long- vowel marked ? 

15. How is a doubtful vowel marked ? 

16. What is the use of the circumflex accent ? 

17. What is the use of the grave accent 1 

18. What is the use of the diaeresis ? 



ORTHOEPY. 



ORTHOEPY. 

19. Orthoepy treats of the right pronunciation of 
words. 

20. A, at the end of an unaccented syllable, has the 
sound of a in father, or in ah ; as, mu'-sa, pronounced 
mu'-zah. 

21. Es, at the end of a word, is pronounced like the 
English word ease ; as, ig'-nes. 

22. Os, at the end of plural cases, is pronounced 
like ose in dose ; as, nos, il'-los. 

23. C and g have their soft sound, like 5 and j, before 
e, i, and y, and the diphthongs & and ee. 

24. The penult of a word is the last syllable but one. 

25. The antepenult is the last syllable but two. 

The following are the general rules for the quantity of sylla- 
bles : — 

26. (1.) A vowel before another vowel is short. 

27. (2.) Diphthongs, not beginning with u, are long. 

28. (3.) A vowel before x, z,j, or any two conso- 
nants, except a mute and a liquid, is long, by position, 
as it is called. 

29. (4.) A vowel before a mute and a liquid is 
common, i. e. either long or short ; as, a in pa'-tris. 

30. Accent is a particular stress of voice upon 
certain syllables of words. 

19. Of what does Orthoepy treat ? 

20. What sound has a at the end of an unaccented syllable 1 

21. How is es at the end of a word pronounced 1 

22. How is os pronounced at the end of plural cases 7 

23. What is the rule for the sound of c and^-? 

24. What is the penult ? 

25. What is the antepenult ? 

26. What is the first general rule for the quantity of syllables? 

27. What is the second ? 

28. What is the third ? 

29. What is the fourth ? 

30. What is accent ? 



10 ETYMOLOGY. 

31. In words of two syllables, the penult is always 
accented ; as, pa'-tcr, ma'-tcr, pen'^na. 

32. In words of more than two syllables, if the 
penult is long, it is accented ; but, if it is short, the 
accent is on the antepenult ; as, a-mi'-cus, dom'-i-nus. 

33. If the penult is common, the accent, in prose, is 
upon the antepenult; as, phar'-e-tra ; but genitives in 
ius, in which i is common, accent their penult in prose ; 
as, u-ni'-us. 

34. In every Latin word there are as many syllables 
as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. 



ETYMOLOGY. 

35. Etymology treats of the different classes of 
words, their derivation, and various inflections. 

3G. The parts of speech in Latin are eight — Sub- 
stantive or Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, 
Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection, 

37. To verbs belong Participles, Gerunds, and 
Supines. 

38. Inflection, in Latin grammar, signifies a change 
in the termination of a word. 

39. It is of three kinds — - declension, conjugation, 
and comparison. 

40. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, participles, gerunds, 
and supines, are declined. 

31. How are words of two syllables accented ? 

32. How are words of more than two syllables accented ? 

33. How, if the penult is common ? 

34. How many syllables has a Latin word ? 

35. Of what does Etymology treat ? 

3G. How many parts of speech are there in Latin? 

37. What classes of words belong- to verbs ? 

38. What is inflection ? 

39. How many kinds of inflection are there? 

40. What classes of words are declined 1 



NOUNS. GENDER. 11 

41. Verbs are conjugated. 

42. Adjectives and adverbs are compared. 



NOUNS. 

43. A substantive or noun is the name of an object. 

44. Nouns are either proper, common, or abstract. 

45. A proper noun is the name of an individual ob- 
ject; as, Ccesar, Roma. f 

46. A common noun denotes a class of objects, to 
any one of which it is equally applicable ; as, homo, a 
man ; avis, a bird. 

47. An abstract noun is the name of a quality, or of 
a mode of being or action ; as, bonitas, goodness ; gau- 
dium, joy. 

48. A common noun, when, in the singular number, 
it signifies many, is called a collective noun ; as,populus 9 
a people. 

GENDER. 

49. Nouns have three genders — masculine, feminine f 
and neuter. 

50. The gender of Latin nouns depends either on 
their signification, or on their declension and termina- 
tion. 

51. Names and appellations of all male beings, and 
also of rivers, winds, and months, are masculine. 



41. What classes of words are conjugated 7 

42. What compared ? 

43. What is a noun 7 

44. What ace the three principal classes of nouns 7 

45. What is a proper noun ? 

46. What is a common noun 7 

47. What is an abstract noun 7 

48. What is a collective noun 7 

49. How many genders have nouns 1 

60. On what does the gender of Latin nouns depend 7 

51. What is the general rule for nouns of the masculine gender T 



12 NUMBER. CASES. 

52. Names and appellations of all female beings, and 
also of countries, towns, trees, plants, ships, islands, 
poems, and gems, are feminine. 

53. Some words are either masculine or feminine. 
These, if they denote things having life, are said to be 
of the common gender ; if things without life, of the 
doubtful gender. 

54. Nouns which are neither masculine nor femi- 
nine, are said to be of the neuter gender. 

NUMBER. 

55. Latin nouns have two numbers, the Singular 
and the Plural, which are distinguished by their ter- 
minations. 

56. The singular number denotes one object; the 
plural, more than one. 

CASES. 

57. Cases are those terminations of nouns, by means 
of which their relations to other words are denoted. 

58. Latin nouns have six cases, viz. Nominative, 
Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative. 

59. The nominative indicates the relation* of a sub' 
ject to a finite verb. 

60. The genitive is used to indicate origin, posses- 
sion, and many other relations, which, in English, are 
denoted by the preposition of 



52. For nouns of the feminine gender ? 

53. Define common and doubtful gender. 

54. What nouns are neuter 1 

55. How many numbers have Latin nouns ? 

56. What do these denote ? 

57. What are cases ? 

58. How many cases have Latin nouns ? 

59. How is the nominative used 1 

60. How is the genitive used ? 



DECLENSIONS. 13 

61. The dative denotes that to or for which any 
thing is, or is done. 

62. The accusative is either the object of an active 
verb, or of certain prepositions, or the subject of an 
infinitive. 

63. The vocative is the form appropriated to the 
name of any object which is addressed. 

64. The ablative denotes privation, and many other 
relations, especially those which are usually expressed 
m English by the prepositions with, from, in, or by. 



DECLENSIONS. 

65. There are, in Latin, five different modes of 
declining nouns, called the first, second, third, fourth, 
and fifth declensions. 

66. These may be distinguished by the termination 
of the genitive singular, which, in the first declension, 
ends in ce, in the second in i, in the third in is, in the 
fourth in us, and in the fifth in el. 

67. Every inflected word consists of two parts — a 
root, and a termination. 

68. The root is the part which is not changed by 
inflection. 

69. The termination is the part annexed to the 
root. 



61. How is the dative used ? 

62. How is the accusative used ? 

63. How is the vocative used ? 

64. How is the ablative used ? 

65. How many declensions have Latin nouns ? 

66. How are the declensions distinguished from each other T 

67. What are the two parts of an inflected word ? 

68. What is the root ? 

69. What is the termination ? 



14 



TERMINATIONS. 



The following table exhibits a comparative view of the term! 
nations of the five declensions : — 





I. 


Norn. 


a, 


Gen. 


CB, 


Dat. 


SB, 


Ace. 


am, 


Voc. 


a> 


Abl. 


I A, 



M. 


11. 


JV. 


us, 


er, 
h 

um 


um, 

> 


«, 


er, 


um, 



Singular. 
III. 
M.&F. JV. 
— S.&c. 



e,&c. 
■ e, &c. 



g or I, 



IV. 



Jtf. 



us, 
ul, 
um, 
us, 



a, 



•AT. 



es, 
el, 
eT, 
em, 
es, 
6, 



Nom. 


8B, 


Gen. 


arum, 


Dat. 


is, 


Ace. 


as, 


Voc. 


ae, 


All. 


is. 



Plural. 



a. 


es, a, ia, 


us, ua, 


es, 


orum, 


um or ium, 


uum, 


erum, 


is, 


Ibus, 


Ibus or ubus, 


ebus, 


a> 


es, a, ia, 


us, ua, 


es, 


S, 


es, a, ia, 


us, ua, 


es, 


is. 


ibus. 


ibus or ubus. 


ebus. 



Jfo;7iar&s. 

70. The accusative singular, except in some neuter 
nouns, ends in m. 

71. The vocative singular is like the nominative, 
except in nouns in us of the second declension. 

72. The nominative and vocative plural are alike. 

73. The genitive plural ends in um,. 

74. The dative and ablative plural end alike; — in 
the 1st and 2d declensions, in is; in the 3d, 4th, and 
5th, in bus. 



70. How does the accusative singular end ? 

71. What is the rule for the vocative singular? 

72. What case is like the nominative plural ? 

73. How does the genitive plural end 1 

74. What is the rule for the dative and ablative plural 1 



FIRST DECLENSION. 



15 



75. The accusative plural, except in neuter nouns, 
ends in 5. 

76. Nouns of the neuter gender have the accusative 
and vocative like the nominative, in both numbers ; and 
these cases, in the plural, end in a. 

FIRST DECLENSION. 

77. Nouns of the first declension end in a, e 9 as > es. 

78. Those in a and e are feminine ; those in as and 
es are masculine. 

79. Latin nouns of this declension end only in a. 

80. They are thus declined : — 

Singular. Plural. 



Nom. Mu'-sa, 
Gen. mu'-sse, 
Dat. mu'-sas, 
Ace. mu'-sam, 
Voc. mu'-sa, 
AH. mu'-sa, 



a muse ; 
of a muse ; 
to a muse ; 

a muse ; 

muse; 
with a muse ; 



JVom. mu'-sae, 
Gen. mu-sa'-rum, 
Dat. mu'-sis, 
Ace. mu'-sas, 
Voc. mu'-sse, 
All. mu'-sis. 



muses ; 
of muses ; 
to muses ; 

muses ; 

muses ; 

with muses. 



In like manner decline 



Au'-la, a hall. Mach'-i-na, a machine, 

Cu'-ra, care. Pen'-na, a quill, a wing. 

Ga'-le-a, a helmet. Sa-git'-ta, an arrow. 

Dea, a goddess, ajidfilia, a daughter, have generally dbus in 
the dative and ablative plural. 



Greek Nouns. 

81. Nouns of the first declension in e, 
and some also in a. are Greek. 



as. and es 



75. How does the accusative plural end ? 

7G. What peculiarities have nouns of the neuter gender ? 

77. How do nouns of the first declension end ? 

78. Of what gender are they ? 

79. How do Latin nouns of this declension end 1 

80. Decline musa. 

81 To what language do nouns in <?, us, and es, belong? 



16 GREEK NOUNS. SECOND DECLENSION. 

82. Greek nouns in e, as, and es, are thus declined 
in the singular number : — 

J\T. Pe-nel'-o-pe, JV. iE-ne f -as, JV*. An-chl'-ses, 

G. Pe-nel'-o-pes, G. iE-ne'-ae, G. An-chl'-sa3, 

D. Pe-nel'-o-psB, D. iE-ne'-os, D. An-chi'-sae, 

Ac. Pe-nel'-o-pen, Ac. iE-ne'-am or -an, Ac. An-chl'-sen, 

V. Pe-nel'-o-pe, V. jE-ne'-a, V. An-chi'-se, 

Ab. Pe-nel'-o-pe. Ab. M-ne'-L Ab. An-chl -se. 

In like manner decline 

E-pit'-o-me, an abridgment. Ti-a'-ras, a turban. 

Tliis'-be. Co-me'-tes, a comet. 

Bo'-re-as, the north wind. Dy-nas'-tes, a sovereign. 

Mi'-das. Pri-am'-i-des, a son of Priam. 

83. Greek nouns which admit of a plural are de- 
clined in that number like the plural ofmusa. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 

84. Nouns of the second declension end in er, ir, 
us, um, os, on. 

85. Those ending in um and on are neuter; the rest 
are masculine. 

80. Nouns in er, us, and um, are thus declined : — 







Singular. 








A lord. 


A son-in-law. 


Afield. 


A kingdom. 


jr. 


Dom'-i-nus, 


Ge'-ner, 


A'-ger, 


Reg'-num, 


G. 


dom'-i-ni, 


gen'-e-ri, 


a'-gri, 


reg'-ni, 


D. 


dom'-i-no, 


gen'-e-ro, 


a'-gro, 


reg'-no, 


Ac. 


dom'-i-num, 


gen'-e-rum, 


a'-grum, 


reg'-num, 


V. 


dom'-I-ne, 


ge'-ner, 


a'-ger, 


reg'-num, 


Ab. 


dom'-i-no, 


gen'-e-ro, 


a'-gro, 


reg'-no, 



82. Decline Penelope — JEneas — AncJrises. 

83. How are Greek nouns declined in the plural ? 

84. How do nouns of the second declension end ? 

85. Of what gender are they ? 

86. Decline dominus — gener — ager---regnum. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 17 

Plural. 

JV. dom'-i-ni, gen'-e-ri, a'-gri, reg'-na, 

G. dom-i-no'-rum, gen-e-ro'-rum, a-gro'-rum, reg-no'-rum, 

J), dom'-i-nis, gen'-e-ris, a'-gris, reg'-nis, 

Ac. dom'-i-nos, gen'-e-ros, a'-gros, reg'-na, 

V. dom'-i-ni, gen'-e-ri, a'-gn, reg'-na, 

Ab. dom'-I-nis. gen'-e-ris. a'-gris. reg'-nis. 

Like dominus decline 

An'-i-mus, the mind. Lu'-cus, a grove. 

Clyp'-e-us, a shield. Nu'-me-rus, a number. 

Cor'-vus, a raven. O-ce'-a-nus, the ocean. 

Fo'-cus, a hearth. Tro'-chus, a top. 

Gla'-di-us, a sword. Ven'-tus, the wind. 

Like gener decline 

A-duT-ter, Sri, an adulterer. Li'-ber, en, Bacchus. 

Ar'-mi-ger, eri, an armor-bearer. Pu'-er, eri, a boy. 

Cel'-ti-ber, eri, a Celtiberian. So'-cer, eri, a father-in-law. 

I'-ber, eri, a Spaniard. Ves'-per, eri, the evening. 

Like ager decline 

A'-per, a wild i)oar. Ma-gis'-ter, a master. 

Aus'-ter, the south wind. On'-a-ger, a wild ass. 

Fa'-ber, a workman. Al-ex-an'-der. 

Li'-ber, a book. Teu'-cer. 

Like regnum decline 

An'-trum, a cave. Ni'-trum, nitre. 

A'-tri-um, a hall. Prae-sid'-i-um, a defence. 

Bel'-lum, war. Sax'-um, a rock. 

Ex-em'-plum, an example. Scep'-trum, a sceptre. 

Ne-go'-ti-um, a business. Tem'-plum, a temple. 

87. Vir, a man, and its compounds, (the only nouns 
in ir 9 ) are declined like gener. 

88. Proper names in ius omit e in the vocative ; as, 
Horatius, Hordti. So also Jilius, a son, has Jili. 

f : — — — 

87. How is vir declined ? 

88. What nouns are excepted in the vocative singular ? 

2* 



18 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



89. Dens, a god, has deus in the vocative, and in the 
plural it has commonly dii and diis> instead of dei and 
dels. 

Greek Nouns. 

89 J. Nouns of -the second declension, ending in os 
and on, are Greek. They are thus declined : — 



Singular. 
JV. De'-los, 
G. De'-li, 
D. De'-lo, 
Ac. De'-lon, 
V. De'-le, 
Ab. De'-lo. 



Barblton, a lyre. 



Singular. 
JV. bar'-bi-ton, 
G. bar'-bl-ti, 
D. bar'-bi-to, 
Ac. bar'-bi-ton, 
V. bar'-bi-ton, 
Ab. bar'-bi-to, 



Plural. 
bar'-bi-ta, 
bar'-bi-ton, 
bar'-bl-tis, 
bar'-bi-ta, 
bar'-bi-ta, 
bar'-bl-tis. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 

90. The number of final letters in the third declen- 
sion is eleven. Four are vowels — a, e, i, o ; and seven 
are consonants — c, I, n, r, 5, t, x. The number of its 
final syllables exceeds fifty. 

The following are examples of the most common forms of 
nouns of this declension, declined through all their cases : — 



91. 



Honor, honor ; masc. 



Singular. 
JV. ho'-nor, 
G. ho-no'-ris, 
D. ho-no'-ri, 
Ac. ho-no'-rem, 
V. ho'-nor, 
Ab. ho-no'-re, 



Plural. 
ho-no'-res, 
ho-no'-rum, 
ho-nor'-i-bus, 
ho-nu'-res, 
ho-no'-res, 
ho-nor'-I-bus. 



Sermo, speech; masc. 

Singular. Plural. 

JV. ser'-mo, ser-mo'-nes, 

G. ser-mo'-nis, ser-mo'-num, 

D. ser-mo'-ni, ser-mon'-I-bus, 
Ac. ser-mo'-nem, ser-mo'-nes, 

V. ser'-mo, ser-mo'-nes, 

Ab. ser-mo'-ne, ser-rnon'-I-bus. 



89. What peculiarities in declension has deus ? 

89^. What terminations, in the second declension, are Greek ? 

90. What is the number of final letters and syllables in the third 
declension 1 

91. Decline honor, &c. 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



19 



Rupes, a rock ; fern. 



Singular. 
JV. ru'-pes, 
G. ru'-pis, 
D. ru'-pi, 
.tfc.ru'-pem, 
V. ru'-pes, 
Ab. ru'-pe, 



Plural. 
ru'-pes, 
ru'-pi-um, 
ru'-pi-bus, 
ru'-pes, 
ru'-pes, 
ru'-pi-bus. 



Ars, art ; fern. 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


JV. ars, 


ar'-tes, 


JV. nox, 


noc'-tes, 


G. ar'-tis, 


ar'-ti-um,* 


G. noc'-tis, 


noc'-ti-um, 


D. ar'-ti, 


ar'-ti-bus, 


D. noc'-ti, 


noc'-ti-bus, 


Ac. ar'-tem, 


ar'-tes, 


Ac. noc'-tem, 


noc'-tes, 


V. ars, 


ar'-tes, 


V. nox, 


noc'-tes, 


Ab.an'-te, 


ar'-tl-bus. 


Ah. noc'-te, 


noc'-ti-bus. 



Miles, a soldier ; com. gen. 



Singular. 
JV. mi'-les, 
G. mil'-I-tis, 
D. mil'-i-ti, 
Ac. mil'-I-tem, 
V. mi'-les, 
.^.mil'-i-te, 



Plural. 
mil'-i-tes, 
mil'-i-tum, 
mi-lit'-i-bus, 
mil'-I-tes, 
mil'-Mes, 
mi-lit'-I-bus. 



Pater, a father; masc. 



Singular. 
JV. pa'-ter, 
G. pa'-tris, 
D. pa'-tri, 
wtfc.pa-trem, 
V. pa'-ter, 
Ab. pa'-tre, 



Plural. 

pa'-tres, 

pa'-trum, 

pat'-rl-bus, 

pa'-tres, 

pa'-tres, 

pat'-rl-bus. 



Turris, a tower ; fem. 



Singular. 
JV. tur'-ris, 
G. tur'-ris, 
D. tur'-ri, 
Ac. tur'-rera, 
V. tur'-ris, 



Plural. 
tur'-res, 
tur'-ri-um, 
tur'-rl-bus, 
tur'-res, 
tur'-res, 



Ab. tur'-re or -ri, tur'-ri-bus. 
Nox, night ; fem. 



Lapis, a stone ; masc, 
Singular. 



JV. la'-pis, 
G. lap'-I-dis, 
D. lap'-i-di, 
Ac. lap'-I-dem, 
V. la'-pis, 
Ab. lap'-i-de, 



Plural. 
lap'-i-des, 
lap'-i-dum, 
la-pid'-I-bus, 
lap'-I-des, 
lap'-i-des, 
la-pid'-I-bus. 



Virgo, a virgin ; fem. 



Singular. 
JV. vir'-go, 
G. vir'-gi-nis, 
D. vir'-gi-ni, 
Ac. vir'-gi-nem, 
V. vir'-go, 
Ab. vir'-gl-ne, 



Plural. 
vir'-gl-ncs, 
vir'-gi-num, 
vir-gin'-I-bus, 
vir'-gi-nes, 
vir'-gl-nes, 
vir-gin'-I-bus. 



* Pronounced ai*-8he-um. 



I nod-she um. 



20 



THIRD DECLENSION. 



Sedile, a seat; neut. 



Singular. 
JV. se-dl'-le, 
G. se-dl'-lis, 
D. se-dl'-li, 
Ac. se-dl'-le, 
V. se-dl'-le, 
^.se-dlMi, 



Plural. 
se-dil'-i-a, 
se-dil'-i-um, 
se-dil'-i-bus, 
se-dil'-i-a, 
se-dil'-i-a, 
se-dil'-i-bus. 



Carmen, a verse; neut. 



Singular. 
JV. car'-men, 
G. car'-ml-nis, 
D. car'-mi-ni, 
Ac. car'-men, 
V. car'-men, 
Ab. car'-mi-ne, 



Plural. 
car'-mi-na, 
car'-mi-num, 
car-min'-i-bus, 
car'-mi-na, 
car'-mi-na, 
car-min'-i-bus. 



Iter, a journey ; neut. 



Singular. 
JV. i'-ter, 
G. i-tin'-e-ris, 
D. i-tin'-e-ri, 
Ac. i'-ter, 
V. i'-ter, 
Ab. i-tin'-e-re, 



Plural. 
i-tin'-e-ra, 
i-tin'-e-rum, 
it-i-ner'-i-bus, 
i-tin'-e-ra, 
i-tin'-e-ra, 
it-i-ner'-i-bus. 



Animal, an animal; neut. 



Singular 



Plural. 



JV. an'-i-mal, an-i-ma'-li-a, 
G. an-i-ma'-lis, an-i-ma'-li-um, 
D. an-i-ma'-li, an-i-mal'-i-bus, 
Ac. an'-i-mal, an-i-ma'-li-a, 
V. an'-T-mal, an-i-ma'-li-a, 
Ab. an-i-ma'-li, an-i-mal'-i-bus. 

Opus, a work ; neut. 



Singular. 

JV. o'-pus, 
G. op'-e-ris, 
D. op'-g-ri, 
Ac. o'-pus, 
V. o'-pus, 
Ab. op'-e-re, 



Plural. 

op'-S-ra, 

op'-e-rum, 

o-per'-i-bus, 

op'-e'-ra, 

op'-e-ra, 

o-per'-i-bus. 



Caput, a head; neut. 



Singular. 
JV. ca'-put, 
G. cap'-I-tis, 
D. cap'-i-ti, 
Ac. ca'-put, 
V. ca'-put, 
Ab. cap'-i-te, 



Plural. 
cap'-i-ta, 
cap'-i-tum, 
ca-pit'-i-bus, 
cap'-I-ta, 
cap'-I-ta, 
ca-pit'-i-bus. 



Poema, a poem ; neut. 



Singular. 
JV. po-e'-ma, 
G. po-em'-a-tis, 
D. po-em'-a-ti, 
Ac. po-e'-ma, 
V. po-e'-ma, 
Ab. po-em'-a-te, 



Plural* 
po-em'-a-ta, 
po-em'-a-tum, 

po-e-matMrbus or po-em'-a-tis, 
po-em'-a-ta, 
po-em'-a-ta, 
po-e-mat'-i-bus or po-em/-a-tia. 



THIRD DECLENSION. GENDER. 21 

Rules for the Gender of Nouns of the Third De- 
clension. 

MASCULINES. 

92. Nouns ending in o, er, or, es increasing in the 
genitive, and os, are masculine. 

93. Exc. 1. — Nouns in io are feminine, when they 
signify things incorporeal ; as, ratio, reason. 

94. Exc. 2. — Nouns in do and go, of more than two 
syllables, are feminine; as, arundo, a reed; imago, an 
image. 

FEMININES. 

95. Nouns ending in as, es not increasing in the 
genitive, is, ys, s preceded by a consonant, and x, are 
feminine. 

96. Exc. 1. — Latin nouns in nis are masculine or 
doubtful ; as, ignis, fire, mas. ; amnis, a river, mas. or fem. 

97. Exc. 2. — Dens, fons, mons, and pons, are mas- 
culine. 

98. Exc. 3. — Most nouns in ex are masculine. 



NEUTERS. 

99. Nouns ending in a, e, i, c, I, n, t, ar, ur, and us, 
are neuter. 



92. What nouns of the third declension are masculine 1 

93. What nouns in io are excepted 1 

94. What nouns in do and go are excepted ? 

95. What nouns of the third declension are feminine? 
9f>. What nouns in is are excepted ? 

97. What nouns in 5 preceded by a consonant are excepted ? 

98. What nouns in x are excepted ? 

99. What nouns of the third declension are neuter t 



22 THIRD DECLENSION. GENITIVE. 

100. Exc. 1.. — Nouns in n, except those in men, are 
masculine ; as, canon, a rule. 

101. Exc. 2. — Nouns in us, having utis or udis in 
the genitive, are feminine ; as, juvenilis, youth ; incus, 
an anvil. 



Rules for the Oblique Cases of Nouns of the Third 
Declension. 

CENITIVE SINGULAR. 

102. Nouns in a form their genitive in atis ; as, 
di-a-de'-ma, di-a-dem'-a-tis, a crown. 

103. Nouns in e change e into is ; as, re'-te, re'-tis, 
a net. 

104. Nouns in o form their genitive in onis ; as, 
ser'-mo, ser-mo'-nis, speech. 

105. Exc. — Nouns in do and go, of more than two 
syllables, form their genitive in mis ; as, a-run'-do, 
a-run'-di-nis, a reed ; i-ma'-go, i-mag'4-nis, an image. 

106. Nouns in /, n, and r, form their genitive by 
adding is ; as, con'-sul, con'-su-lis, a consul ; ca'-non, 
can'-o-nis, a rule ; ho'-nor, ho-nd'-ris, honor. 

107. Exc. 1. — Neuters in en form their genitive in 
inis ; aSjflu'-menyJlu'-mi-nis, a river. 

108. Exc. 2. — Nouns in ter drop e in the genitive; 
as, pa'-ter, pa'-tris, a father. So also imber, a shower, 
and names of months in her ; as, Oc-td'-ber, Oc-to'-bris. 

100. What nouns in n are excepted ? 

101. What nouns in us are excepted ? 

102. How do nouns in a form their genitive ? 

103. How do nouns in e form their genitive ? 

104. How do nouns in o form their genitive ? 

105. What nouns in do and go are excepted ? 

106. How do nouns in n, I, and r, form their genitive ? 

107. What nouns in n are excepted ? 
i08. What nouns in r are excepted ? 



THIRD DEC. GENITIVE. ACCUSATIVE. 23 

109. Nouns in as form their genitive in dtis; as, 
cs'-tas, a-td'-tis, age. 

110. Nouns in es form their genitive by changing es 
into is, itis, or etis ; as, ru'-pes, ru'-pis, a rock ; mi'-les r 
mil'4-tis, a soldier ; se'-ges, seg'-e-tis, growing corn. 

111. Nouns in is have their genitive the same as .the 
nominative ; as, au'-ris, au'-ris, the ear. 

112. Nouns in os form their genitive in oris or dtis; 
as, jlos, jlo'-ris, a flower; ne'-pos, ne-po'-tis, a grand- 
child. 

113. Nouns in us form their genitive in eris or oris } 
as, ge'~nus, gen'-e-ris, a kind ; tern' -pus, tem'-po-ris, 
time. Some in uris, litis, udis. 

114. Nouns in 5, with a consonant before it, form 
their genitive by changing 5 into is or ft's; as, trabs, 
tra'-bis, a beam ; pars, par'-lis, a part. 

115. Nouns in x form their genitive by changing x 
into cis or gis; as, vox, vo'-cis, the voice; con'-jux f 
con'-ju-gis, a spouse. 

116. Exc. — Nouns in ex, of more than one syllable, 
form their genitive in ids ; as, pol'-lex, pol'-M-cis, the 
thumb. 

ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR. 

117. Some Latin nouns in is, which do not increase 
in the genitive, have im ; and some Greek nouns have 
im s in, or a. 



109. How do nouns in as form their genitive 1 

110. How do nouns in es form their genitive 1 

111. How do nouns in is form their genitive 1 

112. How do nouns in os form their genitive ? 

113. How do nouns in its form their genitive ? 

114. How do nouns in 5 with a consonant before it, form their 
genitive ? 

115. How do nouns in x form their genitive 1 

116. What nouns in ex are excepted 1 

117. What nouns have im in the accusative ? 



24 THIRD DEC. ABLATIVE, GENITIVE. 



ABLATIVE SINGULAR. 

118. Neuters in e, al, and ar, have the ablative in i ; 
as, sedile, sedili; animal, animdli; calcar, calcari. 

119. Nouns which have im or in in the accusative, 
and names of months in er and is, have i in the abla- 
tive; as, vis, vim, vi; December, Dccembri ; Aprilis^ 
Aprili. 

120. Nouns which have em or im in the accusative, 
have their ablative in e or i; as, turris, tiirre or turn. 



GENITIVE PLURAL. 

121. Nouns which, in the ablative singular, have i 
only, or e and i, make the genitive plural in ium; as, 
seditc, sedili, sedilium ; turris, turre or turri, turrium. 

122. Nouns in es and is, which do not increase in 
the genitive singular, have ium; as, nubes, nubium; 
hostis, hostium. 

123. Monosyllables ending in two consonants have 
ium in the genitive plural ; as, urbs, urbium ; gens 9 
gentium. 

124. Nouns of two or more syllables, in ns or rs, and 
names of nations in as, have commonly ium; as, cliens, 
clientium; Arpinas, Arpinatium. 



118. What neuters have i in the ablative ? 

119. What other nouns have i in the ablative ? 

120. What nouns have their ablative in e or i? 

121. What is the first class of nouns which make ium in the genitiv© 
plural 1 

122. What is the second class ? 

123. What is the third class ? 
13J4. What is the fourth class ? 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 



25 



125. 



Jupiter. 

Singular. 
JV. Ju'-pi-ter, 
G. Jo'-vis, 
D. Jo'-vi, 
Ac. Jo'-vem, 
V. Ju'-pi-ter, 
Ab. Jo'-ve. 



Singular. 
JV. bos, 
G. bo'-vis, 
D. bo'-vi, 
Ac. bo'-vem, 
V. bos, 
Ah. bo'-ve, 



Vis, 


strength. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


JV. vis, 


vi'-res, 


G. vis, 


vir'-i-um, 


D. — 


vir'-I-bus, 


j5c. vim, 


vi'-res, 


V. vis, 


vi'-res, 


.#&. vi, 


vir'-I-bus. 


c or com?. 




PforaZ. 




bo'-ves, 




bo'-um, 




bo'-bus or bu'-bus, 


bo'-ves, 




bo'-ves, 




bo'-bus or bu'-bus. 



i FOURTH DECLENSION. 

126. Nouns of the fourth declension end in us and 
u. Those in us are masculine ; those in u are neuter, 
and indeclinable in the singular number. 



127. 



Fructus,yrw2£. 



Singular. 
JV. fruc'-tus, 
G. fruc'-tus, 
D. fruc'-tu-i * 
Ac. fruc'-tum, 
V. fruc'-tus, 
Ab. fruc'-tu, 



Plural. 
fruc'-tus, 
fruc'-tu-um, 
fruc'-ti-bus, 
fruc'-tus, 
fruc'-tus, 
fruc'-ti-bus. 



Cornu, a horn. 



Singular. 
JV. cor'-nu, 
G. cor'-nu, 
D. cor'-nu, 
Ac. cor'-nu, 
V. cor'-nu, 
Ab. cor'-nu, 



Plural. 
cor'-nu-a, 
cor'-nu-um, 
cor'-ni-bus, 
cor'-nu-a, 
cor'-nu-a, 
cor'-ni-bus. 



125. Decline Jupiter — vis — bos. 

126. How do nouns of the fourth declension end ? 

127. Decline fructus — cornu. 

* Pronounced frucV-yuri, or frucf-tshu-i, &c* 

3 



26 FOURtfH DECLENSION. 

In like manner decline 

Can'-tus, a song. Mo'-tus, motion. 

Cur'-rus, a chariot. Se-na'-tus, the senate. 

Ex-er'-ci-tus, an army. Ge'-lu, ice. 

Fluc'-tus, a wave. W-ru, a spit. See 130„ 



Exceptions in Gender. 

128. The following are feminine : — 

Ac us, a needle. Manus, a hand. 

Domus, a house. Porticus, a gallery. 

Ficus, a Jig. Tribus, a tribe. 



Exceptions in Declension. 

129. Domus, a house, is partly of the fourth declen- 
sion, and partly of the second. It is thus declined : — 

Singular. Plural. 

.JV. do'-mus, do'-mus, 

G. do'-mus or do'-mi, dom'-u-um or do-mo'-rum, 

D. dom'^u-i or do'-mo, dom'-i-bus, 

Ac. do'-mum, do'-mus or do'-mos, 

V. do'-mus, do'-mus, 

Jib. do'-mo, dom'-i-bus. 

130. The following nouns have ubus in the dative 
land ablative plural : — 

Acus, a needle. Lacus, a lake. Specus, a den. 

Arcus, a bow. Partus, a birth. Tribus, a tribe. 

Artus, a joint. Pecu, a flock. 

Genu, a knee ; portus, a harbor ; toratrus, thunder ; 
and vcru, a spit, have ibus or ubus. 

128. What nouns of this declension are feminine ? 

129. How is domus declined ? 

130. What nouns are excepted m the dative and ablative phiral ? 



FIFTH DECLENSION. ADJECTIVES. 



27 



FIFTH DECLENSION. 

131. Nouns of the fifth declension end in es, and are 
of the feminine gender. 

132. 



Res, a 


thing. 


Dies, 


a day. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


JV. res, 


res, 


JV. di'es, 


di'-es, 


G. re'-i, 


re'-rum, 


G. di-e'-i, 


di-e'-rum, 


D. re'-i, 


re'-bus, 


D. di-e'-i, 


di-e'-bus, 


Ac. rem, 


res, 


Ac. di'-em, 


di'-es, 


V. res, 


res, 


V. di'-es, 


di'-es, 


Ah. re, 


re'-bus. 


Ah. di'-e, 


di-e'-bus. 



133. Dies, a day, is masculine or feminine in the 
singular, and always masculine in the plural ; meridies, 
mid-day, is masculine only. 



ADJECTIVES. 

134. An adjective is a word which qualifies or limits 
the meaning of a substantive. 

135. Adjectives are declined like substantives, and 
are either of the first and second declension, or of the 
third only. > 

APJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND 
DECLENSION. 

136. The masculine of adjectives belonging to the 
first and second declension ends either in us or er. 



131. How do nouns of the fifth declension end ? 

132. Decline res — dies. 

133. What nouns of the fifth declension are excepted in gender ? 

134. What is an adjective ? 

135. How are adjectives declined 1 

136. How does the masculine of adjectives of the first and second 
declension end ? 



28 



ADJECTIVES FIRST AND SECOND DEC. 



137. Adjectives of the first and second declension 
form their feminine and neuter genders by adding a and 
urn to the root of the masculine ; as, bonus , root bon, 
fern, bona, neut. bonum ; piger, gen. pigri, root pigr, 
fern, pigra, neut. pigrum. 

138. The masculine in us is declined like dominus ; 
that in er like gener, or ager ; the feminine like musa ; 
and the neuter like regnum. 



139. Bonus, good. 







Singular. 




Masc. 




Fern. 


JfeuL 


JST. bo'-nus, 




bo'-na, 


bo'-num, 


G. bo'-ni, 




bo'-nae, 


bo'-ni, 


D. bo'-no, 




bo'-noe, 


bo'-no, 


Ac. bo'-num, 




bo'-nam, 


bo'-num, 


V. bo'-ne, 




bo'-na, 


bo'-num, 


Ab. bo'-no, 




bo'-na, 
Plural. 


bo'-no, 


JV. bo'-ni, 




bo'-nae, 


bo'-na, 


G. bo-no'-rum, 


bo-na'-rum, 


bo-no'-rum, 


D. bo'-nis, 




bo'-nis, 


bo'-nis, 


Ac. bo'-nos, 




bo'-nas, 


bo'-na, 


V. bo'-ni, 




bo'-na?, 


bo'-na, 


Ab. bo'-nis. 




bo'-nis. 


bo'-nis. 


In like 


manner decline 


Al'-tus, high. 


Fi'-dus, faithful. 


Lon'-gus, long 


A-va'-rus, covetous. 


Im' 


■pro-bus, wicked 


YW-nuSjfull. 


Be-nig'-nus, kind. 


In-I 


'-quus, unjust. 


Tac'-i-tus, silent . 



140. Like bonus are also declined all participles 



m us. 



137. How are the feminine and neuter formed ? 

138. How are adjectives of the first and second declension declined? 

139. Decline the masculine of bonus — the feminine — the neuter. 

140. What participles are declined like bonus ? 



ADJECTIVES FIRST AND SECOND DEC. 



29 



141. Tener, tender. 







Singular. 






Mast. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


N. 


te'-ner, 


ten'-e-ra, 


ten'-g-rum, 


G. 


ten'-6-ri, 


ten'-e-rae, 


ten'-6-ri, 


D. 


ten'-e-ro, 


ten'-e-rae, 


ten'-g-ro, 


Ac. 


ten'-e-rum, 


ten'-e-ram, 


ten'-e-rum, 


V. 


te'-ner, 


ten'-e-ra, 


ten'-e-rum, 


4b. 


ten'-e-ro, 


ten'-e-ra, 
Plural. 


ten'-g-ro, 


X 


ten'-g-ri, 


ten'-S-rae, 


ten'-e-ra, 


G. 


ten-e-ro'-rum, 


ten-e-ra'-rum, 


ten-e-ro'-rum, 


D. 


ten'-e-ris, 


ten'-e-ris, 


ten'-e-ris, 


Ac. 


ten'-e-ros, 


ten'-e-ras, 


ten'-e-ra, 


V. 


ten'-e-ri, 


ten'-e-rae, 


ten'-e-ra, 


M. 


ten'-e-ris. 


ten'-e-ris. 


ten'-e-ris. 



In like manner are declined 

As'-per, rough. La'-cer, torn. Pros'-per, prosperous. 

Ex'-ter, foreign. Li'-ber, free. Sa'-tur, full. 

Gib'-ber, crook-backed. Mi'-ser, wretched. Sem'-i-fer, half-wild. 

142. Most other adjectives in er drop e in declension. 



143. Piger, slothful. 





Singular. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Jfeut. 


JV. pi'-ger, 


pi'-gra, 


pi'-grum, 


G. pi'-gri, 


pi'-groe, 


pi'-gn, 


D. pi'-gro, 


pi'-grae, 


pi'-gro, 


Ac. pi'-grum, 


pi'-gram, 


pi'-grum, 


V. pi'-ger, 


pi'-gra, 


pi'-grum, 


Jib. pi'-gro, 


pi'-gra, 


pi'-gro, 


141. Decline the masculine of tener — 


the feminine — the neuter. 



142. How are other adjectives in er declined 1 

143. Decline the masculine of piger — the feminine — the neuter. 

3* 



30 



ADJECTIVES THIRD DECLENSION. 



Plural. 



JV. pi'-gri, 
G. pi-gro'-rum, 
D. pi'-gris, 
Ac. pi'-gros, 
V. pi'-gri, 
Ab. pi'-gris. 




pi'-grae, 

pi-gra'-rum, 

pi'-gris, 

pi'-gras, 

pi'-grae, 

pi'-gris. 


pi'-gra, 

pi-gro'-rum, 

pi'-gris, 

pi'-gra, 

pi'-gra, 

pi'-gris. 


In like 


manner decline 


JEi'-gei, sick. 
A'-ter, black. 
Cre'-ber, frequent. 


In f -te-ger, entirt 
Ni'-ger, black. 
Pul'-cher, fair. 


{. Ru'-ber, red. 
Sa'-cer, sacred, 
Si-nis'-ter, left 


144. 


Unus, one. 








Singular. 




Masc. 




Fern. 


Neut. 


JV. u'-nus, 
G. u-nf'-us* 




u'-na, 
u-ni'-us, 


u'-num, 
u-ni'-us, 


D. u'-ni, 




u'-ni, 


u'-ni, 


Ac. u'-num, 




u'-nam, 


u'-num, 


V. u'-ne, 




u'-na, 


u'-num, 


Ab. u'-no. 




u'-na. 


u'-no. 



The plural is regular, like that of bonus. 

In like manner decline 

A'-li-us, another. So'-lus, alone. Ul'-lus, any. 

Nul'-lus, no one. To'-tus, whole. Al'-ter, the other. 
Also, uter, and its compounds; as, neuter, neither; uterqu* 
each, &c. 

Remark. — Alius has aliud in the nominative singular neuter, 
and in the genitive alius, contracted for aliius. 



ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

145. Some adjectives of the third declension have 
three terminations in the nominative singular; some 
two ; and others only one. 

144. Decline the masculine of unus — the feminine — the neuter. 

145. How many terminations have adjectives of the third declension I 

* See 33 



ADJECTIVES THIRD DECLENSION. 31 

146. I. Those of three terminations end in er, masc. ; 
is, fem. ; and e, neut. ; and are thus declined : — 

147. Acer, sharp. 







Singular. 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


K 


a'-cer, 


a'-cris, 


a'-cre, 


G. 


a'-cris, 


a'-cris, 


a'-cris, 


D. 


a'-cri, 


a -cri, 


a'-cri, 


Ac. 


a'-crem, 


a'-crem, 


a'-cre, 


V. 


a'-cer, 


a -cris, 


a'-cre, 


Ah. 


a'-cri, 


a'-cri, 
Plural. 


a'-cri, 


JV. 


a'-cres, 


a'-cres, 


a'-cri-a, 


G. 


a'-cri-um,. 


a'-cri-um. 


a'-cri-um, 


D. 


ac'-ri-bus, 


ac'-ri-bus, 


ac'-ri-bus, 


Ac. 


a'-cres, 


a'-cres, 


a'-cri-a, 


V. 


a'-cres, 


a'-cres, 


a'-cri-a, 


Ah. 


ac'-ri-bus. 


ac'-ri-bus. 


ac'-ri-bus. 



In like manner are declined the following only : — 

Al'-a-cer, cheerful. Pe-des'-ter, on foot. 

Cam-pes'-ter, of a plain. Sa-lu'-ber, wholesome. 

Cel'-e-ber, famous. Sil-ves'-ter, woody. 

E-ques'-ter, equestrian. Ter-res'-ter, terrestrial. 

Pa-lus'-ter, marshy. Vol'-u-cer, winged. 

Remark. — The nominative singular masculine sometimes 
ends in is f like the feminine ; as, saluber or saluhris. 

148. II. Adjectives of two terminations end in is 
for the masculine and feminine, and e for the neuter, 
except comparatives, which end in or and us. 



146. How do those of three terminations end ? 

147. Decline acer in the masculine — in the feminine — in the neuter. 

148. How do adjectives of two terminations end ? 



82 



ADJECTIVES THIRD DECLENSION. 



149. Mitis, mild. 



Singular. 



M.QF. 
JV. mi'-tis, 
G. mi'-tis, 
D. mi'-ti, 
Ac. mi ; -tem, 
V. mi'-tis, 
Ab. mi'-ti, 



mi'-te, 
mi'-tis, 
mi'-ti, 
mi'-te, 
mi'-te, 
mi'-ti, 



Plural. 
M.tyF. 
N. mi'-tes, % 
G. mit'-i-um,* 
D. mit'-i-bus, 
Ac. mi'-tes, 
, V. mi'-tes, 
Ab. mit'-I-bus. 



JV. 
mit'-i-a* 
mit'-i-um, 
mit'-i-bus, 
mit'-i-a, 
mit'-i-a, 
mit'-I-bus. 



In like manner decline 



Ag'-i-lis, active. Dul'-cis, sweet. 

Bre'-vis, short. For'-tis, brave. 

Cru-de'-lis, cruel. Gra'-vis, heavy. 

Tres, three, is declined like the plural of mitis. 



In-col'-u-mis, safe. 
Mi-rab'-i-lis, wonderful 
Om'-nis, all. 



150. All comparatives except plus, more, are de- 
clined like 

151. Mitior,* milder. 



Singular. 



M. 8fF. 
jY. mit'-i-or, 
G. mit-i-o'-ris. 
D. mit-i-o'-ri, 
Ac. mit-i-o'-rem, 
V. mit'-i-or, 
Ab. mit-i-o'-re or -ri, 

Plural. 
JY*. mit-i-o'-res, 
G. mit-i-o'-rum, 
D. mit-i-or'-i-bus, 
Ac. mit-i-o'-res, 
V K . mit-i-o'-res, 
Ab. m|t-i-or'-I-bus. 



JV. 
mit'-i-us, 
mit-i-o'-ris, 
mit-i-o'-ri, 
mit'-i-us, 
mit'-i-us, 
mit-i-o'-re or • 



mit-i-o'-ra,' 

mit-i-o'-rum, 

mit-i-or'-I-bus, 

mit-i-o'-ra, 

mit-i-o'-ra, 

mit-i-or'-i-bus. 



149. Decline mitis in the masculine and feminine — in the neuter. 

150. How are comparatives declined 1 

151. Decline mitior in the masculine and feminine — in the neuter 

* Pronounced misW-e-ums &c. 



ADJECTIVES THIRD DECLENSION. 33 

In like manner decline 

Al'-ti-or, higher. Fe-lic'-i-or, happier. Gra'-vi-or, heavier. 
Bre'-vi-or, shorter. For'-ti-or, braver. U-be'-ri-or, more fertile. 

152. Plus, more, is thus declined : — 

Singular. Plural. 

JV. M . $ F. JV. 

JV. plus, JV. plu'-res, plu'-ra, 

G. plu'-ns, G. plu'-ri-um, plu'-ri-um, 

D. D. plu'-ri-bus, plu'-ri-bus, 

Ac. plus, Ac. plu'-res, plu'-ra, 

Ah. Ah. plu'-ri-bus. plu'-ri-bus. 



153. III. Adjectives of one termination increase in 
the genitive, and are declined like 



154. Felix, 


happy. 


Singular. 


M.SfF. 


JV. 


JV. fe'-lix, 


fe'-lix, 


G. fe-ll'-cis, 


fe-ll'-cis, 


D. fe-ll'-ci, 


fe-ll'-ci, 


Ac. fe-ll'-cem, 


fe'-lix, 


V. fe'-lix, 


fe'-lix, 


Ab. fe-ll'-ce or -ci, 


fe-ll'-ce or -ci, 


Plural 




N. fajjll'-ces, 


fe-lic'-i-a* 


G. fe-lic'-i-um,* 


fe-lic'-i-um, 


D. fe-lic'-i-bus, 


fe-lic'-I-bus, 


Ac. fe-ll'-ces, 


fe-lic'-i-a, 


V. fe-ll'-ces, 


fe-lic'-i-a, 


Ab. fe-lic'-I-bus. 


fe-lic'-I-bus. 



152. Decline phis. 

153. How are adjectives of one termination declined ? 

lM. Decline felix in the masculine and feminine — in the neuter. 
* Pronounced fe-lishi-e-um, &c. 



34 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 

155. Praesens, present. 

Singular. 
M. Sr F. JV. 

JV. pr'as'-sens, pros'-sens, 

G. prae-sen'-tis, praB-sen'-tis, 

D. prae-sen'-ti, prns-sen'-ti, 

Ac. prae-sen'-tem, prae'-sens, 

V. pras'-sens, prae'-sens, 

Ah. prae-sen'-te or -ti, prae-sen'-te or -ti, 

Plural. 

JSC. prse-sen'-tes, praB-sen'-ti-a,* 

G. prae-sen'-ti-um, praB-sen'-ti-um, 

D. prae-sen'-ti-bus, prae-sen -ti-bus, 

Ac. praB-sen'-tes, praB-sen'-ti-a, 

V. proe-sen'-tes, prse-sen'-ti-a, 

Ah. praB-sen'-ti-bus. praB-sen'-ti-bus. 

In like manner decline 

Au'-dax, -Scis, hold. Par'-ti-ceps, -ipis, participant-. 

Fe'-rox, -oc\s, fierce. So'-lers, -tis, shrewd. 

ln'-gens, -tis, huge. Sos'-pes, -Itis, safe ; gen. pi. -urn. 

156. All present participles are declined like prcesens 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES, 

157. Numeral adjectives are those which denote 
number. 

158. They are divided into three principal classes 
— Cardinal, Ordinal, and Distributive. 

159. Cardinal numbers are those which answer to 
the question, " Hdw many?" as, unus, &c. 

160. Ordinal numbers are such as denote order or 
rank ; as, primus, &,c. 

155. Decline prcesens in the masculine and feminine — in the neuter 

156. What participles are declined like prcesens ? 

157. What are numeral adjectives ? 

168. Into what classes are numeral adjectives divided I 

159. Define cardinal numbers. 

160. Define ordinal numbers. 

* Pronounced pre-seni-she-a, &,c. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 



35 



161. Cardinal. 




162. Ordinal. 


1. 


Unus, one.A 
Duo, two, ace. 




Primus, first. 


2. 




Secundus, second, &c. 


3. 


Tres. 




Tertius. 


4. 


Quatuor. 




Quartus. 


5. 


Quinque. 




Quintus. 


6. 


Sex. 




Sextus. 


7. 


Septem. 




Septimus. 


a 


Octo. 




Octavus. 


9. 


Novem. 




Nonus. 


10. 


Decern. 




Decimus. 


11. 


Undecim. 




Undecimus. 


12. 


Duodecim. 




Duodecimus. 


13. 


Tredecim. 




Tertius decimus. 


14. 


Quatuordecim. 




Quartus decimus. 


15. 


Quindecim. 


' 


Quintus decimus. 


16. 


Sedecim or sexdgcim. 


Sextus decimus. 


17. 


Septendecim. 




Septimus decimus. 


18. 


Octodecim. 




Octavus decimus. 


19. 


Novendecim. 




Nonus decimus. 


20. 


Viginti. 




Viceslmus or vigesimus. 


21. 


\ Viginti unus or 
I unus et viginti 


.} 


Viceslmus primus. 


22. 


\ Viginti duo or 
I duo et viginti, 


&c. 5 


Viceslmus secundus. 


30. 


Triginta. 




TricesTmus or trigesimus. 


40 


Quadraginta. 




Quadragesimus. 


50. 


Quinquaginta. 




Quinquagesimus. 


60. 


Sexaginta. 




Sexagesimus. 


70. 


Septuaginta. 




Septuagesimus. 


80. 


Octoginta. 




Octogesimus. 


90. 


Nonaginta. 




NonagesTmus. 


100. 


Centum. 




Centesimus. 


200. 


Ducenti, -ae, -a. 




DucentesTmus. 


300. 


Trecenti. 




Trecentesimus. 


400. 


Quadringenti. 




t^uadringentesimus. 


500. 


Quingenti. 




Quingentesimus. 


600. 


Sexcenti. 




SexcentesTmus. 


700. 


Septingenti. 




SeptingentesTmus. 


800. 


Octingenti. 




Octingentesimus. 


900. 


Nongenti. 




Nongentesimus. 


1000. 


Mille. 




Millesimus. 


2000. 


Duo millia or bis milie. 


Bis millesimus. 




161. Repeat the cardinal numbers 


I 


162. Repeat the ordinal number*. 



36 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

163. Duo is thus declined : — 

Plural, a 

Masc. Fern. * M*. 

JV. du'-o, du'-a, du'-o, 

G. du-o'-rum, du-a'-rum, du-o -rum, 

D. du-o'-bus, du-a'-bus, du-o'-bus, 

Ac. du'-os or du'-o, du'-as, du-o, 

V. du'-o, du'-ge, du'-o, 

jM. du-o'-bus. du-a'-bus. du-o'-bus. 

164. Ambo, both, is declined like duo. 

165. The cardinal numbers, from four to a hundred 
inclusive, are indeclinable. < 

166. Those denoting hundreds, are declined like tne 
plural of bonus. 

167. Ordinal numbers are declined like bonus. 

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

168. That form of an adjective which simply de- 
notes a quality, without reference to other degrees of 
the same quality, is called the positive degree; as, 
altus. hiffh ; mitis, mild. 

169 The comparative denotes that the quality be- 
longs to one of two objects, or sets of objects, ma 
greater degree than to the other; as, altior, higher, 
mitior % milder. , . ,., m ■ 

UO The superlative denotes that the quality be- 
longs to one object, or set of objects, in a greater de- 
gree than to any of the rest; as, altissimus, highest, 
mitissimuS) mildest. 



163. Decline duo in the masculine-in the feminine-in the neuter. 

164. What adjective is declined like duo ? 

165. What cardinal numbers are indeclinable f 

166. How are those denoting hundreds declined < 

167. How are ordinal numbers declined I wtiv* f 

168. What is meant by the positive degree of an adjective! 

169. What does the comparative degree denote I 

170. What does the superlative decree denote I 



ADJECTIVES IRREGULAR COMPARISON. 



37 



171. They are formed either by peculiar termina- 
tions, or by prefixing to the positive the adverbs magis, 
more, and maxime, most. 

172. The terminational comparative ends in ior 9 
masc. ; ior y fern. ; ius, neut. ; — the terminational su- 
perlative in issimus, issima, issimum. 

173. These terminations are added to the root of 
the positive ; as, altus, alt'iox, aftissimus ; high, higher, 
highest ; — mit'is, mit'ior, mzrissimus ; mild, milder, mild- 
est ; — felix 9 gen. felicis, felicior, felicisslmus ; happy, 
happier, happiest. 

In like manner compare 



Arc'-tus, strait. 
Ca'-pax, capacious. 
Ca'-rus, dear. 



Cru-de'-lis, cruel. 
Cle'-mens, gen. -tis, merciful. 
In'-ers, gen. -tis, sluggish. 



IRREGULAR COMPARISON. 

174. Adjectives in er form their superlative by 
adding rimus to that termination ; as, acer, active ; 
gen. acris ; comparative, acr'iox ; superlative, acer- 
rimus. 

175. Seven adjectives in lis form their superlative 
by adding Umus to the root : — 



FacTlis, 


facilior, 


Difficllis, 


difficilior, 


Gracilis, 


gracilior, 


HumiJis, 


humilior, 


Imbecillis, 


imbecillior, 


Similis, 


similior, 


Dissimilis, 


dissimilior. 



facillimus, 


easy. 


difficillimus, 


difficult. 


gracillimus, 
humilllmus, 


slender. 


low. 


imbecillimus, 


weak. 


simillimus. 


like. 


dissimillimus, 


unlike. 



171. How are the comparative and superlative degrees formed ? 

172. How do the terminational comparative and superlative end 1 

173. To what are these terminations added ? 

174. How do adjectives in er form their superlative ? 

175. What adjectives form their superlative in Imws ? 

4 



38 



ADJECTIVES DEFECTIVE COMPARISON. 



176. These five have regular comparatives, but ir- 
regular superlatives : — 

Dexter, dexterior, dexttmus, right. 

Extera, (fern.) exterior, extlmus or extremus, outward 

Postera, (fern.) posterior, postremus or postumus, hind. 

lnferus, inferior, inf Imus or inuis, low. 

Superus, superior, supremus or summus, high. 

177. The following are very irregular in compari» 
son : — 

best, 
worst, 
greatest 
Least. 

most. 



Remark. — All these form their comparatives and superlatives 
from obsolete adjectives, except magnus, whose regular forms 
are contracted. 



DEFECTIVE COMPARISON. 



178. Seven adjectives want the positive : 



Bonus, 


melior, 


optimus, 


good, 


better, 


Malus, 


pejor, 


pessimus, 


bad , 


icorsc, 


Magnus, 


major, 


maxim us, 


great, 


greater 


Parvus, 


minor, 


minimus, 


little, 


less, 


JMultus, 





plurimus, ^ 






Multa, 





plurima, > 


much, 


more, 


Multum, 


plus, 


plurimum, ) 






Nequam, 


nequior, 


nequisslmus, 


worthless. 


Frugi, 


frugalior, 


frugalisslmus, 


frugal. 





Citerior, citimus, nearer. 
Deterior, deternmus, icorse. 
Interior, intimus, inner. 
Ocior, ocissimus, swifter. 



Prior, primus, former. 
Propior, proximus, nearer. 
Ulterior, ultlmus, farther. 



179. The comparative and superlative may also be 
formed by prefixing to the positive the adverbs magis, 



176. What five adjectives have regular comparatives, but irregular 
superlatives ? 

177. Compare bonus — maius, &c. 

178. Mention seven adjectives wmch want the positive. 

179. In what other way may tiie comparative and superlative be 
formed ? 



PRONOUNS. 



3£ 



more, and maxime, most ; as, idoneus, fit ; magis ido* 
neus, more fit ; maxime idoneus, most fit. 



PRONOUNS. 

180. A pronoun is a word which supplies the place 
of a noun. 

181. There are eighteen simple pronouns: — 



Ego, /. 

Tu, thou. 

Sui, of himself , &c. 

llle, that or he. 

Ipse, himself. 

iste, that or he. 



Hie, this or he. 
Is, that or he. 
Quis ? ?c/4tf2 
Qui, who. 
Meus, my. 
Tuus, thy. 



Sims, his, her, its, their. 
Cujus? whose? 
Noster, our. 
V ester, your. 
Nostras, of our country. 
Cujas ? of what country? 



182. Pronouns are divided into two classes — sub- 
stantives and adjectives. 

183. Three — ego, tu, and sui — are substantives; 
the remaining fifteen, and all the compound pronouns, 
are adjectives. 

184. All the pronouns want the vocative, except 
tu, meus, nostcr, and nostras, 

185. The substantive pronouns take the gender of 
the objects which they denote. 

18G. Ego is of the first person, tu of the second,, 
and sui of the third. 



180. What is a pronoun ? 

181. How many simple pronouns are there in T.atin ? 

182. Into what two classes are pronouns divided 1 

183. 1 low many are substantives ? 

181. What pronouns want the vocative? 

185. Of what gender are the substantive pronouns ? 

186. Of what person are the substantive pronouns 1 



40 PRONOUNS. 



SUBSTANTIVE PRONOUNS. 



187. The substantive pronouns are thus declined : — 

Singular, 
•AT. e'-go, /; tu, thou; 



G*v,«/ ; „*„*.» . t„t : ~?4i~~ . ( su'-i, of himself \ her* 

. me'-i, of me; tu'-i, of thee; J s if, itself; 

D. mi'-hi, to me; tib'-i, to thee ; sib'-i, to himself &c. 

Ac. me , me; te,thee; se, himself, &c. 

y, tu, thou; 

Ab, me, with me ; te, with thee ; se, with himself &c. 

JV. nos, we ; vos, i/e or you; 

Q Cnos'-trum > of ves'-trum or > of , . of themse i ves . 
u { or nos'-tri, 5 us; ves'-tri, Jz/ou; su l ' ojr tMmseLve8 » 

Z). no'-bis, to ws; vo'-bis, to 7/ow; sib'-i, to themselves; 

Ac, nos, ws; vos, you; se, themselves; 

y % vos, r/e or you ; 

Ab. no'-bis, with us. vo'-bis, with you. se, with themselves. 



ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

188. Adjective pronouns may be divided into the 
following classes : — demonstrative, intensive, relative, 
interrogative, indefinite, possessive, and patriaL 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

189. Demonstrative pronouns are such as specify 
what object is meant. 

190. They are ilk, iste, hie, and is, and their com- 
pounds, and are thus declined : — 

] 87. Decline ego — tu — sui. 

188. Into what classes are adjective pronouns divided? 

18 ( J. What are demonstrative pronouns? 

190. What pronouns are demonstrative 7 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



41 



191. 







Singular. 






M. 


F. 


JV. 


JV. 


ir-ie, 


il'-la, 


il'-llld, 


G. 


ii-ir-us, # 


il-l!'-us, 


il-If'-as 


D. 


il'-li, 


il'-li, 


il'-li, 


Ac. 


il'-lum, 


il'-Iam, 


il'-lud, 


V. 









Ab. il'-lo. 



JV. il'-li, 

G. il-lo'-rum, 

V. il -lis, 

Ac. il'-los, 
V. 

Ab. il'-lis. 



il'-tt, 

Plural. 
il'-lce, 

il-la'-rum, 

il'-lis, 

il'-las, 

il'-lis. 



il'-lo, 



ilMa, 
il-lo'-rum, 
il'-lis, 
il'-la, 

il'-lis. 



192. Iste is declined like ille. 



M. 
JV. hie, 
G. hu'-jus, 
D. huic,t 
Ac. hunc, 

V. 

Ab. hoc, 



JV. hi, 
G. lio -rum, 
D. his, 
Ac. hos, 

V. 

Ab. his. 



193. 

Singular. 
F. 
hasc, 
hu'-jus, 
huic, 
hanc, 

hac, 

Plural. 

llflB, 

ha'-rum, 

his, 

has, 

his. 



JV. 
hoc, 
hu'-jus, 
huic, 
hoc, 

hoc. 



haec, 
ho'-rum, 
his, 
hajc, 

his. 



191. Decline the masculine of ille — the feminine — the neuter. 

192. How is iste declined 1 

193. Decline the masculine of/iic^-the feminine — the neuter, 

* See 33. t Pronounced hike, 

4» 



42 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

194. 







Singular. 




M, 




F, 


"JV. 


A", is, 




e'-a, 


id, 


G. e'-jus, 




e'-jus, 


e'-jus, 


D, e'-i, 




e'-i, 


e'-i, 


Ac. e'-um, 

V, 

Ab, e'-o, 




e'-am, 


id, 




e'-a, 


e'-o, 






Plural* 




JV. i'-i, 




e'-ce, 


e'-a, 


G, e-o'-rum. 




e-a'-rum, 


e-o'-rum, 


D. i'-is or e' 


-is, 


i'-is or e ; -is, 


i'-is or e'-is 


Ac. e'-os, 




e'-as, 


e'-a, 


K. 




. 





.#6. i'-is or e' 


•is. 


i'-is or e'-is. 


i'-is or e'-is. 



195. The compound pronoun idem, the same, is thus 
declined : — 



M, 
JV. i'-dem, 
G. e-jus'-dem, 
D. e-I'-dem, 
Ac, e-un'-dem, 
y 


Singular, 
F. 
e'-a-dem, 
e-jus'-dem, 
e-I'-dem, 
e-an'-dem, 


} i 
} i 


JV. 
i'-dem, 
e-jus'-dem, 
e-I'-dem, 
i'-dem, 


Ah. e-o'-dem, 

JV. i-I'-dem. 
G, e-o-run'-dem, 
jy C e-is'-dem or > 
' ( i-is'-dem, ) 
Ac, e-os'-dem, 
V 


e-a'-dem, 

Plural. 

e-ae'-dem, ( 

e-a-run'-dei 
C e-is'-dem or 
\ i-is'-dem 

e-as'-dem, 


e-o'-dem. 

e'-5-dem, 
e-o-run'-dem, 
e-is'-dem or 
i-is'-dem, 
e'-a-dem, 


a, C e-is'-dem or > C e-is'-dem or 
' £ i-is'-dem. J ( i-is'-dem. 


e-is'-dem or 
i-is'-dem. 



194. Decline the masculine of is — the feminine — the neuter. 

195. Decline the masculine of idem — the feminine — the neuter. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 



43 



INTENSIVE PRONOUNS. 



196. Intensive pronouns are such as serve to ren- 
der an object emphatic. 

197. To this class belongs ipse, which is thus de- 
clined : — 

198. 

Singular. 





M. 


F. 


A". 


G. 


ip'-se, 
ip-sT'-us, 


ip'-sa, 
ip-sf'-us, 


ip'-sum, 
ip-st'-us, 


V. 


ip'-si, 


ip'-si, 


ip'-si, 


Ac 
V. 


ip'-sum, 


ip'-sam, 


ip'-sum, 



Ah. ip'-so, 



. P '- 



ip'-so, 



Plural. 



JV. 
G. 


ip' 
ip- 


-si, 
su'rum, 


i P ' 
i P - 


-SOB, 

sa'-rum, 


i P ' 
i P - 


-sa, 
so'-rum, 


D. 

Ac. 
V. 


i P ' 


-sis, 

-SOS, 


i P ' 
ip' 


-sis, 
-sas, 


i P ' 

ip' 


-sis, 
-sa, 



Ah. ip'-sis. 



ip'-sis. 



ip'-sis. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

199. Relative pronouns are such as relate to a pre- 
ceding noun. 

200. They are qui, who, and the compounds qui- 
cunque and quisquis, whoever. 



196. What are intensive pronouns ? 

197. What pronoun belongs to this class ? 

198. Decline ipse in the masculine — the feminine — the neuter 

199. What are relative pronouns ? 

200. What does this class include 1 



41 



INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 



201. Qui is thus declined : — 

Singular. 

j\r. 

JV. qui, 
G. cu'-jus, 
D. cui,* 
Ac. quem, 

Ab. quo, qua, quo, 



F. 


JV. 


quae, 


quod, 


cu'-jus, 


cu'-jus, 


cui, 


cui, 


quam, 


quod, 



JV*. qui, 
G. quo'-rum, 
D. qui'-bus, 
Ac. quos, 

V. 

Ab. qui'-bus. 



Plural. 
quos, 

qua'-rum, 
qui'-bus, 
quas, 



quoe, 

quo'-rum, 
qui'-bus, 
qua), 



qui'-bus. qui'-bus. 



INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

202. Interrogative pronouns are such as serve to 
inquire which of a number of objects is intended. 
They are 



Quis ? ) who ? 
Quisnam ? ) what ? 
Qui ? ) which f 

Quinam ? j what ? 



Ecquis ? ^ Cujus ? whose f 

Ecquisnam ? > is any one f Cujas ? of what 
Numquis? } country? 



203. Quis and its compounds are used substan- 
tively ; qui and its compounds adjectively. Qui is 
declined like qui the relative. 



201. Decline qui in the masculine — the feminine — the neuter. 

202. What are interrogative pronouns ? 

203. What is the difference in the use of quis and qui, and of their 
compounds ? 

* Pronounced kL 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 



45 



204. Quis is thus declined : — 







Singular. 






M. 


F. 


A". 


JV. 


quis, 


quae, 


quid, 


G. 


cu'-jus, 


cu'-jus, 


cu'-jus, 


D. 


cui, 


cui, 


cui, 


Ac. 


quem, 


quam, 


quid, 


V. 








— — 


Ab. 


quo, 


qua, 
Plural. 


quo, 


JY. 


qui, 


quae, 


quae, 


G. 


quo'-rum, 


qua'-rum, 


quo'-rum, 


D. 


qui'-bus, 


qui'-bus, 


qui'-bus, 


Ac. 
V. 

Ab. 


quos, 


quas, 


quae, 


qui'-bus. 


qui'-bus. 


qui'-bus. 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 

205. Indefinite pronouns are such as denote an ob- 
ject, in a general manner, without indicating a par- 
ticular individual. They are, 

Aliquis, some one. Quisquam, any one. Quidam, a certain one. 

Siquis, if any. Quispiam, some one. Quilibet, ) any one you 

Nequis, lest any. Unusquisque, each. Qui vis, ) please. 
Quisque, every one. 





206. Aliquis is thus declined : — 






Singular. 






M. 


F. 


JV. 


JV. 


al'-i-quis, 


al'-i-qua, 


al'-T-quod or -quid, 


G. 


al-i-cu'-jus, 


al-i-cu'-jus, 


al-i-cu'-jus, 


D. 


al'-i-cui, 


al'-i-cui, 


al'-I-cui, 


Ac. 

v. 

Ab. 


al'-I-quem, 
al'-I-quo, 


al'-I-quam, 


al'-I-quod or -quid, 


al'-I-qua, 


al'-I-quo, 



204. Decline quis in the masculine — in the feminine — in the neuter. 

205. What are indefinite pronouns ? 

206. Decline aliquis in the masculine — in the feminine — in the 
neuter. 



46 POSSESSIVE AND PATRIAL PRONOUNS. 

Plural. 
M. F. JV. 

JV. aF-i-qui, al'-i-quae, al'-i-qua, 

G. al-i-quo'-rum, al-i-qua'-rum, al-i-quo'-rum, 

D. a-liq'-ui-bus,* a-liq'-ui-bus, a-liq'-ui-bus, 

Ac. ai'-I-quos, al'-I-quas, al'-i-qua, 



V. 

Ah. a-liq'ul-bus. a-liq'-ui-bus. a-liq'-ui-bus. 

207. Slquis and ncquis are declined in the same 
manner. 



POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

208. The possessive are derived from the substan- 
tive pronouns, and from quis, and designate some- 
thing belonging to their primitives. 

201). They are, meus, tuus, suus, noster, vaster, and 
cujus. 

210. Meus, tuus, and suus, are declined like bonus, 

211. Meus has, in the vocative singular masculine, 
mi, and very rarely mcus. 



PATRIAL PRONOUNS. 

212. Patrial pronouns are such as relate to one's 
country. 

213. These are nostras and cujas. 

214. They are declined like adjectives of one ter- 
mination ; as, nostras, nostrdtis. 



207. How are siquis and nequis declined ? 

208. What are possessive pronouns ? 

20ih What pronouns are included in this class ? 

210. How are mens, tuus, and suus declined ? 

211. What is the vocative singular masculine ofmtus?' 

212. What are patrial pronouns ? 

213. What pronouns are patrial ? 

214. How are they declined ? 

* Pronounced a-llkf-w^-bjis 



REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. VERBS. 47 

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 

215. Reflexive pronouns are such as relate to the 
subject of the proposition in which they stand. 

216. The reflexives of the third person are sui and 
suus. Mens, tuus, noster, and vestcr, are also used re- 
flexively, when the subject of the proposition is of the 
first or second person. 



VERBS. 

217. A verb is a word by which something is affirmed 
of a person or thing. 

218. That of which any thing is affirmed is called 
the subject of the verb ; as, puer legit, the boy reads : 
villus lauddtur, virtue is praised. In these propositions, 
puer, the boy, and virtus, virtue, are the subjects of the 
verbs. 

219. Verbs are either active or neuter. 

220. I. An active verb expresses such an action as 
requires the addition of an object to complete the 
sense ; as, amo te, I love thee. 

221. Most active verbs have two forms, which are 
called the active and the passive voices. 

222. A verb in the active voice represents the agent 
as acting upon some person or thing, called the object; 
as, puer librum legit, the boy is reading a book. 

223. A verb in the passive voice represents the 
object as being acted upon by the agent ; as, liber a 
puero legitur, a book is read by the boy. 

215. What are reflexive pronouns ? 

216. Which pronouns are called reflexive ? 

217. What is a verb ? 

213. What is the subject of a verb ? 

219. Into what two classes may verbs be divided 1 

220. What is an active verb ? 

221. How many voices have active verbs ? 

222. Define the active voice. 

223. Define the passive voice 



48 v VERBS MOODS. 

224. II. A neuter verb expresses such an action or 
state, as does not require the addition of an object to 
complete the sense; as, equus currit, the horse runs; 
ego scdeo, I sit. 

225. Neuter verbs have in general the form of the 
active voice only. 

226. A deponent verb is an active or neuter verb, 
having the form of the passive voice only ; as, sequor, 
1 follow; morior, I die. 

227. Changes are made in the terminations of verbs 
to denote their different voices, moods, tenses, numbers, 
and persons. 

MOODS. 

228. Moods are forms of the verb denoting the 
manner of the action or state expressed by the verb. 

229. There are in Latin four moods — the indica- 
tive, the subjunctive, the imperative, and the infinitive. 

230. The indicative mood is that form of the verb 
which is used in independent and absolute assertions ; 
as, amo, I love ; amdbo, I shall love. 

231. The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb 
which is,used to express an action or state simply as 
conceived by the mind ; as, si me obsecret, redibo ; if 
he entreat me, I will return. 

232. The imperative mood is that form of the verb 
which is used in commanding, exhorting, or entreating ; 
as, ama, love thou. 



224. What is a neuter verb ? 

225. What form have neuter verbs ? 

226. What is a deponent verb ? 

227. For what purposes are changes made in the terminations of 
verbs ? 

228. What are moods ? 

229. How many moods are there in Latin ? 

230. Define the indicative mood. 

231. Define the subjunctive mood. 

232. Define the imperative mood 



VERBS TENSES. 49 

233. The infinitive mood is that form of the verb 
which is used to denote an action or state indefinitely, 
without limiting it to any person or thing as its subject; 
as, amdre, to love. 

TENSES. 

234. Tenses are forms of the verb denoting the 
times of the action or state expressed by the verb. 

235. Latin verbs have six tenses — the present, 
imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future 
perfect. 

236. The present tense represents an action as now 
going on, and not completed ; as, amo, I love, or am 
loving. 

237. The imperfect tense represents an action as 
going on at some past time, but not then completed ; 
as, amdbam, I was loving. Sometimes also it denotes 
repeated or customary past action ; as, legebam, I used 
to read, or I was wont to read. 

238. The future tense denotes that an action will be 
going on hereafter, without reference to its completion ; 
as, amdbo, 1 shall love, or be loving. 

239. The perfect tense represents an action either 
as just completed, or as completed in some indefinite 
past time ; as, amdvi, I have loved, or I loved. 

240. In the former sense, it is called the perfect 
definite ; in the latter, which is more common, it is 
called the perfect indefinite. 

233. Define the infinitive mood. 

234. What are tenses ? 

235. How many tenses have Latin verbs 1 

236. How does the present tense represent an action ? 

237. How does the imperfect tense ? 

238. How does the future tense ? 

239. How does the perfect tense ? 

240. In its former sense, what is it called ? In its latter ? 



50 VERBS NUMBERS, PERSONS, PARTICIPLES. 

241. The pluperfect tense represents a past action 
as completed, at or before the time of some other past 
action or event ; as, Uteras scripseram, antequam 
nuncius venit ; I had written the ietter, before the 
messenger arrived. 

242. The future perfect tense denotes that an action 
will be completed, at or before the time of some other 
future action or event ; as, cum ccenavero, prqficiscar ; 
when I shall have supped, I will go. 

NUMBERS. 

243. Numbers are forms of the verb denoting the 
unity or plurality of its subject. 

244. Verbs, like nouns, have two numbers — the 
singular and the plural. 

PERSONS. 

245. Persons are forms of the verb appropriated to 
the different persons of the subject, and accordingly 
called the first, second, and third persons. 

PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 

246. A participle is a word derived from a verb, and 
partaking of its meaning, but having the form of an 
adjective. 

247. Gerunds are verbal nouns, used only in the 
genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. 

241. How does the pluperfect tense represent an action? 

242. How does the future perfect tense ? 

243. What are numbers ? 

244. How man}' numbers have verbs ? 

245. What arc persons 1 

246. What is a participle 1 

247. What are gerunds ? 



CONJUGATION. 51 

248. Supines also are verbal nouns of the fourth 
declension, in the accusative and ablative singular ; as, 
amdtum, to love ; amdtu, to be loved. The supine in 
um is called the former supine ; that in u> the latter. 



CONJUGATION. 

249. The conjugation of a verb is the regular for- 
mation and arrangement of its several parts, according 
to their voices, moods, tenses, numbers, and persons. 

250. There are four conjugations, which are char- 
acterized by the vowel before re in the present of the 
infinitive active. 

In the first conjugation it is a long ; 
In the second, . . . . e long ; 

In the third, c short ; 

In the fourth, . . . . i long. 

251. The general root of a verb consists of those 
letters which are not changed by inflection ; as, am in 
an™, Rmdbam, amaverim, amdtus. 

252. A verb has three special roots; — the first is 
found in the present, and is the same as the general 
root ; the second is found in the perfect ; and the third 
in the supine or perfect participle. 

253. In regular verbs of the first, second, and fourth 
conjugations, the second root is formed by adding, re- 
spectively, dv, ev, and iv, to the general root ; and the 
third root by a similar addition of dtu, etu, and itu. 

Note. — The tenses formed from the second root are sometimes 
contracted ; as, amdstis for amacistis. 



248. What are supines? 

2 U). What is meant by the conjugation of a verb ? 

250. How many conjugations are there, and how are they character- 
ized ? 

251. What is the general root of a verb ? 

252. How many special roots has a verb ? 

253. How are the second and third roots formed m regular verbs of 
the 1st, 2d, and 4th conjugations ? 



52 CONJUGATION SUM. 

254. The second root in the third conjugation either 
is the same as the first, or is formed from it by adding 5 ; 
the third is formed by adding tu. 

255. The present and perfect indicative, the supine 
in um, aad the present infinitive, are called the principal 
parts of the verb. 

The substantive or auxiliary verb sum is very irregular in 
those parts which, in other verbs, are formed from the first root. 
It is thus conjugated : — 

256. 





PRINCIPAL PARTS. 




Pres. Indie. 


Pres. Infin. Perf. Indie. 


Fut. Part. 


Sum, 


es'-se, fu'-i, 


fu-ta'-rus. 



257. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense. 
Singular* Plural. 

§ CI. sum, I am, su'-mus, we are, 

£ < 2. es, thou art, es'-tis, ye are, 

aj ( 3. est, he is ; sunt, they are. 

Imperfect. 

1. e'-ram, / was, e-ra'-mus, we were, 

2. e'-ras, thou wast, e-ra'-tis, ye xoere, 

3. e'-rat, he was ; errant, they were. 

Future, shall or will. 

1. e'-ro, / shall be, er'-I-mus, we shall be, 

2. e'-ris, thou wilt be, er'-i-tis, ye icill be, 

3. e'-rit, he will be ; e'-runt, they will be. 



254. How are the second and third roots formed in the 3d conjuga 
tion? 

255. What are the principal parts of a verb ? 

256. What are the principal parts of the irregular verb sum ? 

257. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense — the imperfect, &c. 



VERBS SUM. 53 

Perfect, have been, or was. 

1. fuM, T have been, fu'-i-mus, we have been, 

2. fu-is'-ti, thou hast been, fu-is'-tis, ye have been, 

3. fu'-it, he has been; fu-e'-runt or -re, they have been. 

Pluperfect. 

1. fu'-S-ram, I had been, fu-e-ra'-mus, we had been, 

2. fu'-6-ras, thou hadst been, fu-e-ra'-tis, ye had been, 

3. fu'-S-rat, he had been ; fu'-e-rant, they had been. 



Future Perfect, shall or will have. 

I shall have been, fu-er'-f-mus, we shall i 

thou wilt have been, fu-er'-i-tis, ye wilt hav 

3. fu'-e-rit, he will have been ; fu'-e-rint, they will have been. 



1. fu'-S-ro, I shall have been, fu-er'-?-mus, we shall have been, 

2. fu'-g-ris, thou wilt have been, fu-er'-i-tis, ye will have been, 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present, may or can. 

1. sim, I may be, si'-mus, we may be, 

2. sis, thou mayst be, si'-tis, ye may be, 

3. sit, he may be ; sint, they may be. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should. 

1. es'-sem, J would be, es-se'-mus, we would be, 

2. es'-ses, thou wouldst be, es-se'-tis, ye would be, 

3. es'-set, he would be ; es'-sent, they would be. 

Perfect. 

1. fu'-e'-rim, I may have been, fu-er'-¥-mus, ice may have been, 

2. fu'-&-r is, thoumayst have been, fu-er'-i-tis, ye may have been, 

3. fu'-e-rit, he may have been ; fu'-e-rint, they may have been. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have. 

1. fu-is'-sem, I would have been, fu-is-se'-mus, we would have been 9 

2. fu-is'-ses, thou wouldst have fu-is-se'-tis, ye would have beeMu 

been, 

3. fu-is / -set,&6 would have been; fu-is'-sent, they would have been 

5* 



64 VERBS SUM. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



2. es or es'-to, be thou, es'-te or es-to'-te, be ye, 

3. es'-to, let him be ; sun'-to, let them be. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, es'-se, to be. 

Perfect, fu-is'-se, to have been. 

Future, fu-tu'-rus es'-se, to be about to be. 



PARTICIPLE. 

Future, fu-tu'-rus, about to be. 

258. Like sum are conjugated its compounds, except 
possum; but prosum has d after pro when the simple 
verb begins with e ; as, 

Ind. pres. pro'-sum, prod'-es, prod'-est, &c. 
— imperf. prod'-e-ram, prod'-e-ras, &c. 

259. Possum, I can, is compounded of potis, able > 
and sum. 

260. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 

pos'-sum, pos'-se, pot'-u-i, J can, or / am able, 

261. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. I am able. 

Sing, pos'-sum, pot'-es, pot'-est, 

Plur. pos'-sti-mus, pot-es'-tis, pos'-sunt. 



58. How are the compounds of sum conjugated ? 



dB59. Of what is possum, I can, compounded 
z60. What are its principal parts 1 
261. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense — the imperfect, &c. 



VERBS POSSUM. 55 

Imperfect. I was able. 

Sing, pot'-e-ram, pot'-e-ras, pot'-g-rat, 

Plur. pot-e-ra'-mus, pot-e-ra'-tis, pot'-e-rant. 

Future. I shall or will be able. 

Sing, pot'-e-ro, pot'-e-ris, pot'-S-rit, 

Plur. pot-er'-i-mus, pot-er'-I-tis, pot'-e-runt. 

Perfect. Ihave been able. 

Sing, pot'-u-i, pot-u-is'-ti, pot'-u-it, 

Plur. pot-u'-I-mus, pot-u-is'-tis, pot-u-e'-runt or -re. 

Pluperfect, i" had been able. 

Sing, pot-u'-e-ram, pot-u'-e-ras, pot-u'-e-rat, 
Plur. pot-u-e-ra'-mus, pot-u-e-ra'-tis, pot-u'-e-rant. 

Future Perfect. I shall or will have been able. 

Sing, pot-u'-e-ro, pot-u'-e-ris, pot-u'-e-rit, 

Plur. pot-u-er'-I-mus, pot-u-er'-i-tis, pot-u'-e-rint. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present. I may or can be able. 

Sing, pos'-sim, pos'-sis, pos'-sit, 

Plur. pos-sl'-mus, pos-sl'-tis, pos'-sint. 

Imperfect. I might be able. x 

Sing, pos'-sem, pos'-ses, pos'-set, 

Plur. pos-se'-mus, pos-se'-tis, pos'-sent. 

Perfect. I may have been able. 

Sing, pot-u'-e-rim, pot-u ; -g-ris, pot-u'-e-rit, 

Plur. pot-u-erM-mus, pot-u-er'-i-tis, pot-u'-S-rint. 

Pluperfect. I might have been able. 

Sing, pot-u-is'-sem, pot-u-is'-ses, pot-u-is'-set, 
Plur. pot-u-is-se'-mus, pot-u-is-se'-tis, pot-u-is'-sent. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Present, pos'-se. Perfect, pot-u-ia'-se. 



56 



VERBS FIRST CONJUGATION, ACTIVE. 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 



Pres. Indie. 
A'-mo, 



ACTIVE VOICE. 

262. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Infin. Perf. Indie. Supine. , 

a-ma'-re, a-ma'-vi, a- ma '-turn. 

263. 



Sing. 



Plur. 



Sing. 



Plur. 



Sing. 



Plur. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Present. 



a'-mo, 

a'-mas, 

a'-mat, 


J love, 
thou lovest, 
he loves ; 


a-ma'-mus, 

a-ma'-tis, 

a'-mant, 


we love, 
ye love, 
they love. 



Imperfect 

a-ma'-bam, J was loving, 

a-ina'-bas, thou wast loving, 

a-ma'-bat, he was loving; 

am-a-ba'-mus, we were loving, 

am-a-ba'-tis, ye were loving, 

a-ma'-bant, they were loving. 

Future, shall or will. 



a-ma'-bo, 

a-ma'-bis, 

a-ma'-bit, 

a-mab'-I-mus, 

a-mab'-I-tis, 

a-ma'-bunt, 



/ shall love, 
thou wilt love, 
he will love; 
we shall love, 
ye will love, 
they will love. 



262. What are the principal parts of amo, in the active voice f 

263. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, &c 



VERBS FIRST CONJUGATION, ACTIVE. 67 

Perfect, loved, or have loved. 

Sing, a-ma'-vi, J have loved, 

am-a-vis'-ti, thou hast loved, 

a-ma'-vit, he has loved ; 

Plur. a-raav'-i-mus, we have loved, 

am-a-vis'-tis, ye have loved, 

am-a-ve'-runt or -re, they have loved. 

Pluperfect. 

Sing, a-mav'-e-ram, J had loved, 

a-mav'-e-ras, thou hadst loved, 

a-mav'-e-rat, he had loved ; 

Plur. am-a-ve-ra'-mus, we had loved, 

am-a-ve-ra'-tis, ye had loved, 

a-mav'-e-rant, they had loved. 

Future Perfect, shall or will have. 

Sing, a-mav'-e-ro, / shall have loved, 

a-mav'-S-ris, thou wilt have loved, 

a-mav'-S-rit, he will have loved; 

Plur. am-a-ver'-f-mus, we shall have loved, 

am-a-ver'-f-tis, ye will have loved, 

a-mav'-S-rint, they will have loved. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present, may or can. 

Sing, a'-mem, / may love, 

a'-mes, thou mayst lave, 

a'-met, he may love ; 

Plur. a-me'-mus, we may love, 

a-me'-tis, ye may love, 

a'-ment, they may love. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should. 

Sing, a-ma'-rem, / would love, 

a-ma'-res, thou icouldst love, 

a-ma'-ret, he would love; 

Plur. am-a-re'-mus, we would love, 

am-a-re'-tis, ye would love, 

a-ma'-rent, they would love. 



68 



VERBS FIRST CONJUGATION, ACTIVE. 



Perfect. 



Sing, 



Plur. 



a-mav'-e-rim, 

a-mav'-S-ris, 

a-mav'-e-rit, 

arn-a-ver'-T-mus, 

am-a-ver'-f-tis, 

a-mav -6-rint, 



I may have loved, 
thou mayst have loved, 
he may have loved ; 
we may have loved, 
ye may have loved, 
they may have loved. 



Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have. 

Sing, am-a-vis'-sem, J would have loved, 

am-a-vis'-ses, thou wouldst have lovcd 9 

am-a-vis'-set, he would have loved; 

Plur. am-a-vis-se'-mus, we loould have loved, 

am-a-vis-se'-tis, ye would have loved, 

am-a-vis'-sent, they would have loved. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Sing, a'-ma or a-ma'-to, love thou, 

a-ma'-to, let him love; 

Plur. a-ma'-te or am-a-to'-te, love ye, 

a-man'-io, lei them love. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Present, a-ma'-re, 
Perfect, am-a-vis'-se, 
Future, am-a-tu'-rus es'-se, 



to love. 

to have loved. 

to be about to love. 



Present. 
Future. 



PARTICIPLES. 



a r -mans, 
am-a-ta'-rus, 



loving, 
about to love. 



G. 
V. 

Ac. 
Ab. 



GERUND. 



a-man'-di, 
a-man'-do, 
a-man'-dum, 
a-man'-do, 



of loving. 

to or for loving. 

loving. 

by loving. 



SUPINE. 
Former, a-ma'-tum, to love. 



VERBS FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE. 59 

PASSIVE VOICE. 

2C4. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Indie. Pros. Injin. Perf. Part. 

A f -mor, a-ma'-ri, a-ma'-tus. 

2G5. 
INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 

Sing. a'-moT, / am loved, 

a-ma'-ris or -re, thou art loved, 

a-ma'-tur, he is loved; 

Plur. a-ma'-mur, we arc loved, 

a-mam'-I-ni, ye are loved, 

a-man'-tur, they are loved. 

Imperfect. 

Sing, a-ma'-bar, I was loved, 

am-a-ba'-ris or -re, thou wast loved, 

am-a-ba'-tur, he was loved; 

Plur. am-a-ba'-mur, we were loved, 

am-a-bam'-i-ni, ye were loved, 

am-a-ban'-tur, they tocre loved. 

Future, shall or ?mll be. 

Sing, a-ma'-bor, / shall be loved, 

a-mab'-e-ris or -re, thou yy'dt be loved, 

a-mab'-i-tur, he will be loved; 

Plur. a-mab'-I-mur, we shall be loced, 

am-a-bim'-i-ni, ye will be loved, \ 

am-a-bun'-tur, they icill be loved. 



264. What arc the principal parts in the passive voice f 

265. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, &c. 



60 VERBS FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE. 

Perfect, have been, or was. 

S. a-ma'-tus sum or fu'-i, J have been loved, 

a-ma'-tus es or fu-is'-ti, thou hast been loved, 

a-ma'-tus est or fu'-it, he has been loved; 

P. a-ma'-ti su'-mus or fu'-T-mus, we have been loved, 

a-ma'-ti es'-tis or fu-is'-tis, ye have been loved, 

a-ma'-ti sunt, fu-e'-runt or -re, theij have been loved. 

Pluperfect. 

S. a-ma'-tus e'-ram or fu'-e-ram, / had been loved, 

a-ma'-tus e'-ras or fu'-e-ras, thou hadst been loved, 

a-ma'-tus e'-rat or fu'-e-rat, he had been loved ; 

P. a-ma'-ti e-ra'-mus or fu-e-ra'-mus, we had been loved, 

a-ma'-ti e-ra'-tis or fu-e-ra'-tis, ye had been loved, 

a-ma'-ti e'-rant or fu'-e-rant, they had been loved. 

Future Perfect, shall have been. 

S. a-ma'-tus e'-ro or fu'-e-ro, / shall have been loved, 

a-ma'-tus e'-ris or fu'-e-ris, thou icilt have been loved, 

a-ma'-tus e'-rit or fu'-e-rit, he will have been loved; 

P. a-ma'-ti er'-i-mus or fu-er'-i-mus, we shall have been loved, 

a-ma'-ti er'-i-tis or fu-er'-t-tis, ye will have been loved, 

a-ma'-ti e'-runt or fu'-e-rint, they will have been loved. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present, may or can. 

Sing, a'-mer, 7" may be loved, 

a-me'-ris or -re, thou mayst be loved, 

a-me'-tur, v he may be loved ; 

Plur. a-me'-mur, we may be loved, 

a-mem'-i-ni, ye may be loved, 

a-men'-tur, they ?nay be loved. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be. 

Sing, a-ma'-rer, I would be lovcd f 

am-a-re'-ris or -re, thou wouldst be loved, 
am-a-re'-tur, he would be loved ■ 



VERBS FIRST CONJUGATION, PASSIVE. 61 

Plur. ara-a-re'-mur, we would be loved, 

am-a-rem'-I-ni, ye would be loved, 

am-a-ren'-tur, they would be loved. 

Perfect. 

S, a-ma'-tus sim or fu'-e-rim, / may have been loved, 

a-ma'-tus sis or fu'-e-ris, thou mayst have been loved, 

a-ma'-tus sit or fu'-e-rit, he may have been loved ; 

P. a-ma'-ti si'-mus or fu-er'-f-mus, we may have been loved, 

a-ma'-ti si'-tis or fu-er'-i-tis, ye may have been loved, 

a-ma'-ti sint or fu'-e-rint, they may have been loved. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been, 

S. a-ma'-tus es'-sem or fu-is'-sem, / would have been loved, 
a-ma'-tus es'-ses or fu-is'-ses, thou wouldst have been loved, 
a-ma'-tus es'-set or fu-is'-set, he would have been loved ; 

P. a-ma'-ti es-se'-mus or fu-is-se'-mus, ice would have been loved, 
a-ma'-ti es-se'-tis or fu-is-se'-tis, ye would have been loved, 
a-ma'-ti es'-sent or fu-is'-sent, they would have been loved. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

a-ma'-re or a-ma'-tor, be thou loved, 

a-ma'-tor, let him be loved; 

Plur a-mam'-I-ni, be ye loved, 

a-man'-tor, let them be loved. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, a-ma'-ri, to be loved. 

Perfect, a-ma'-tus es'-se or fu-is'-se, to have been loved. 
Future, a-ma'-tum i'-ri, to be about to be loved 



PARTICIPLES. 

Perfect, a-ma'-tus, loved, or having been loved. 

Future, a-man'-dus, to be loved. 



SUPINE. 
Latter, a-ma'-tu, to be loved. 



62 VERBS FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 



Formation of the Tenses. 

266. The first root of amo is am, the second amdv, 
and the third amdtu. 

267. 
From the first root, am, are derived in the 

Active. Passive. 

amo, amor, 

Rmdbam, amdfoir, 

vundbo, sundbor, 

amcm, amer, 

amdrewi, amdrer, 

ama, amdre, 

amdre, amdri, 

niacins, nraandus. 
mnandi. 






From the second root, amdv, are derived in the 

Active. 

amavt, amav£rim, 

amaveram, amavisscwi, 

amavero, amavisse. 

From the third root, amdtu, are derived in the 
Active. Passive. 

amaturws esse, amatus sum, 

amatun/s, amatus eram, 

ama turn, amatus ero, 

amatus sim, 
amatus essem, 
amatus esse, 
ama turn iri, 
amatus, 
amatu. 



266. What is the first root of amo ? — the second ? — the third ? 

267. Repeat the parts in the active voice formed from the first root 
— from the second root— -from the third root j — the parts of the passive 
voice formed from the first root—- from the third. 



VERBS SECOND CONJUGATION. 



63 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. 

268. 
PRINCIPAL PARTS. 



Pres. Indie. Mo'-ne-o, 

Pres. Infin. mo-ne'-re, 

Perf. Indie, mon'-u-i, 

Supine. mon'-i-tum. 



Pres. Indie. mo ; -ne-or, 
Pres. Infin. mo-nfi'-ri, 
Perf. Part. inon'-l-tuj. 



269. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 



Sing. 



Plur. 



I advise. 

mo'-ne-o, 

mo'-nes, 

mo'- net ; 

mo-ne'-mus, 

mo-ne'-tis, 

mo'-nent. 



Present 



/ am advised. 



Sing, mo'-ne-or, 

mo-ne'-ris or 
mo-ne'-tur ; 

Plur. mo-ne'-mur, 
mo-nem'-i-ni, 
mo-nen'-tur. 



Imperfect. 



I was advising. 

. mo-ne'-bam, 
mo-ne'-bas, 
mo-ne'-bat; 

'. mon-e-ba'-mus, 
mon-e-ba'-tis, 
mo-ne'-bant. 



P. 



I was advised. 

mo-ne'-bar, 
mon-e-ba'-ris or -re, 
mon-e-ba'-tur ; 
mon-e-ba'-mur, 
mon-e-bam'-i-ni, 
mon-e-ban'-tur. 



2C8. What are the principal parts of moneo in the active voice? — in 
the passive voice ? 

£69. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, active voice — 
passive voice, &c. 



64 



VERBS SECOND CONJUGATION. 



ACTIVE. 



PASSIVE. 



Future. 
I shall or will advise, I shall or will be advised. 



S. 



P. 



mo-ne'-bo, 

mo-ne'-bis, 

mo-ne-oit; 

mo-neb'-i-mus, 

mo-neb'-I-tis, 

mo-ne'-bunt. 



mo-ne'-bor, 
mo-neb'-e-ris or 
mo-neb'-i-tur j 
mo-neb'-i-mur, 
mon-e-bim'-i-ni, 
mon-e-bun'-tur. 



Perfect. 
I advised or have advised, f I was or have been advised. 



S. mon'-u-i, 

mon-u-is'-ti, 

mon'-u-it; 
P. mo-nu'-i-mus, 

mon-u*is'-tis, 

mon-u-e'-runt or -re. 



S. mon'-i-tus sum or fu'-i, 
mon'-i-tus es or fu-is'-ti, 
mon'-i-tus est or fu'-it; 

P. mon'-i-ti su'-mus or fu'-T-mus, 
mon'-i-ti es'-tis or fu-is'-tis, 
mon'-i-ti sunt, fu-e'-runt or -re. 



I had advised. 

8. mo-nu'-e'-ram, 
mo-nu'-S-ras, 
mo nu'«6-rat ; 

P. mon-u-e-ra'-mus, 
mon-u-e-ra'-tis, 
mo-nu'-e-rant. 



Pluperfect. 

I had been advised. 

S. mon'-i-tus e'-ram or fu'-e-ram, 
mon'-i-tus e'-ras or fu'-e-ras, 
mon'-i-tus e'-rat or fu'-e-rat; 

P. mon'-i-ti e-ra'-mus or fu-e-ra'-mus, 
mon'-i-ti e-ra'-tis or fu-e-ra'-tis, 
mon'-i-ti e'-rant or fu'-e-rant. 



Future Perfect. 
I shall have advised. I shall have been advised. 



S. mo-nu'-e-ro, 
mo-nu'-S-ris, 
mo-nu'-e-rit ; 

P. mon-u-er'-i-mus, 
mon-u-er'-*-tis, 
mo-nu'-6-rint. 



5. mon'-I-tus e'-ro or fu'-e-ro, 
mon'-i-tus e'-ris or fu'-e-ris, 
mon'-I-tus e'-rit or fu'-e-rit ; 

P. mon'-i-ti er'-I-mus or fu-er'-I-mus, 
mon'-I-ti er'-i-tis or fu-er'-f-tis, 
mon'-i-ti e'-runt or fu'-e-rint. 



VERBS SECOND CONJ UGATION. 



C5 



ACTIVE. 



PASSIVE. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present. 
I may or can advise, I may or can be advised. 



P. 



mo'-ne-am, 

mo'-ne-as, 

mo'-ne-at ; 

mo-ne-a'-mus, 

mo-ne-a'-tis, 

mo'-ne-ant. 



P. 



mo'-ne-ar, 
mo-ne-a'-ris or -re, 
mo-ne-a'-tur ; 

mo-ne-a'-mur, 

mo-ne-am'-i-ni, 

mo-ne-an'-tur. 



mighty could, would, or 
should advise. 

S. mo-ne'-rem, 

mo-ne'-res, 

mo-ne'-ret ; 
P. mon-e-re'-mus, 

mon-e-re'-tis, 

mo-ne'-rent. 



1 nay have advised. 

S. mo-nu'-e-rim, 
mo-nu'-e-ris, 
mo-nu'-e-ritj 

P. mon-u-er'-f-mus, 
mon-u-er'-i-tis, 
mo-nu'-e-rint. 



J might, could, would, 
or should have, &x. 

S. mon-u-is'-sem, 
mon-u-is'-ses, 
mon-u-is'-set ; 

p. mon-u-is-se'-mus, 
mon-u-is-se'-tis, 
mon-u-ia'-sent. 
6* 



Imperfect. 

/ might, could, would 9 or 
should be advised. 

S. mo-ruV-rer, 

mon-e-re'-ris or -re, 

mon-e-re'-tur ; 
P. mon-e-re'-mur, 

mon-e-rem'-i-ni, 

mon-e-ren'-tur. 

Perfect. 

/ may have been advised. 

S. mon'-i-tus sim or fu'-S-rim, 
mon'-i-tus sis or fu'-g-ris, 
mon'-I tus sit or fu'-e-rit; 

P. mon'-I-ti si'-mus or fu-er'-f-mus, 
mon'-i-ti si'-tis or fu-er'-i-tis, 
mon'-I-ti sint or fu'-e-rint. 

Pluperfect. 

/ might, could, would, or should 
have been advised. 

S. mon'-T-tus es'-sem or fu-is'-sem, 
mon'-I-tus es'-ses or fu-is'-ses, 
mon'-T-tus es'-set or fu-is'-set; 

P. mon'-i-ti es-se'-mus or fu-is-se-'mus, 
mon'-i-ti eVse'-tis or fu-is-se'-tia, 
mon'-i-ti es'-sent or fii-is'-sent. 



CO VERBS SECOND CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE. PASSIVE. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
advise thou, be tlwu advised. 



S, mo'-ne or mo-ne'-to, 

mo-ne'-to ; 
P. mo-ne'-te or mon-e-to'-te, 

mo-nen'-to. 



S. mo-ne'-re or mo-ng'-tor 

mo-ne'-tor; 
P. mo-nem'-i-ni, 

mo-nen'-tor. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Pres. mo-ne'-re, to advise. 

Perf. mon-u-is'-se, to have ad- 
vised. 

Fut, mon-i-tu'-rus es'-se, to be 
about to advise. 



Pres. mo-ne'-ri, to be advised, 
Perf. mon'-i-tus es'-se or fu-is'- 

se, to have been advised, 
Fut. mon'-I-tum i'-ri, to b^ 

about to be advised. 



PARTICIPLES. 



Pres. mo -nens, advising. 
Fut, mon-i-tu'-rus, about to 
advise. 



Perf, mon'-i-tus, advised, 
Fut, mo-nen'-dus, to bo ad- 
vised. 



GERUND. 



G. mo-nen'-di, of advising, 
D. mo-nen'-do, 
Ac. mo-nen'-dum, 
Ab. mo-nen'-do. 



SUPINES. 



Former. 
mon f -I-tum, to advise. 



Latter. 
mon'-I-tu, to be advised. 



VERBS FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 67 



Formation of the Tenses. 

270. The first root of moneo is mon, the second 
monu, and the third monitu. 

271 

From the first root, man, are derived in the 

Active. Passive. 

moneo, moneor, 

monebam, monebar, 

monebo, monebor, 

moneam, moncar, 

monerem, monerer, 

mone, monere, 

mongre, moneri, 

monens, moncndns. 
monendi. 

From the second root, monu, are derived in the 

Active. 

monui, monu£rim, 

monueram, monuisscm, 

monuero, monuisse. 

i 

From the third root, morittu, are derived in the 

Active. Passive. 

moniturws esse, monltus sum, 

momturus, monitus eram, 

monltum. monitus ero, 

monitus sim, 
monltus essem, 
monltus esse, 
monltum iri, 
monltus, 
monitu. 



270. What is the first root of moneo 7 — the second ? — the third ? 

271. Repeat the parts in the active voice formed from the first root — 
from the second root — from the third root ; — the parts of the passive 
voice formed from the first root — from the third. 



68 



VERBS THIRD CONJUGATION. 



THIRD 


CONJUGATION. 


ACTIVE. 


PASSIVE. 




272. 


PRINCIPAL PARTS. 


Pres. Indie. Re'-go, 
Prcs. Infin. reg'-e-re 
Perf. Indie, rex'-i, 
Supine. rec'-tum 


9 

L. 


Pres. Indie, re'-gor, 
Pres. Infin. re'-gi, 
Perf. Part, rec'-tus 




273. 


INDICATIVE MOOD. 




Present. 


I rule. 




I am ruled. 


Sing, re'-go, 
re'-gis, 
re'-git ; 

Plur. reg'-I-mus, 
reg'-I-tis, 
re'-gunt. 




Sing, re'-gor, 

reg'-g-ris or -re, 

reg'-I-tur ; 
Plur. reg'-I-mur, 

re-gim'-I-ni, 

re-gun'-tur. 




[mperfect. 


I was ruling. 




I was ruled. 


S. re-ge'-bam, 
re-ge'-bas, 
re-ge'-bat ; 

P. reg-e-ba'-mus, 
reg-e-ba'-tis, 
re-ge'-bant. 




S. re-ge'-bar, 

reg-e-ba'-ris or -re, 

reg-e-ba'-tur; 
P. reg-e-ba'-mur, 

reg-e-bam'-I-ni, 

reg-e-ban'-tur. 



272. What are the principal parts of rego in the active voice ? — - in 
thenassive voice ? 

273. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, active voice— • 
passive voice, &e. 



VERBS THIRD CONJUGATION. 



ACTIVE. 



PASSIVE. 



Future. 



1 shall or will rule. 

S. re'-gam, 

re'-ges, 

re'-get ; 
P. re-ge'-mus, 

re-ge'-tis, 

re'-gent. 



I shall or will be ruled. 

S. re'-gar, 

re-ge'-ris or -re, 

re-ge'-tur; 
P re-ge'-mur, 

re-gem'-i-ni, 

re-gen'-tur. 



Perfect. 



I ruled, or have ruled. 

S. rex'-i, 

rex-is'-ti, 

rex'-it ; 
P. rex'-I-mus, 

rex-is'-tis, 

rcx-e'-runt or -re. 



I was or have been ruled. 

S. rec'-tus sum or fu'-i, 
rec'-tus es or fu-is'-ti, 
rec'-tus est or fu'-it; 

P. rec'-ti su'-mus or fu'-I-mus, 
rec'-ti es'-tis or fu-is'-tis, 
rec'-ti sunt, fu-g'-runt or -re. 



P. 



J had ruled. 

rex'-e-ram, 

rex'-g-ras, 

rex'-6-rat ; 

rex-e-ra'-mus, 

rex-e-ra'-tis, 

rex'-e'-rant. 



Pluperfect. 

/ had been ruled. 

S. rec'-tus e'-ram or fu'-g-ram, 
rec'-tus e'-ras or fu'-e-ras, 
rec'-tus e'-rat or fu'-e-rat; 

P. rec'-ti e-ra'-mus or fu-e-ra'-mus, 
rec'-ti e-ra'-tis or fu-e-ra'-tis, 
rec'-ti e'-rant or fu'-e-rant. 



Future Perfect. 



I shall have ruled. 

S. rex'-g-ro, 

rex'-e-ris, 

rex'-e-rit ; 
P. rex-er'-f-mus, 

rex-er'-l-tis, 

rex'-e-rint 



/ shall have been ruled. 

S. rec'-tus e'-ro or fu'-e'-ro, 
rec'-tus e'-ris or fu'-e-ris, 
rec'-tus e'-rit or fu'-g-rit; 

P. rec'-ti er'-i-mus or fu-er'-f-mus, 
rec'-ti er'-i-tis or fu-er'-!-tis, 
rec'-ti e'-runt or fu'-g-rint. 



70 



YERBS THIRD CONJUGATION. 



ACTIVE. 



PASSIVE. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



Present. 



J may or can rule. 

S. re'-gam, 

re '-gas, 

re'-gat ; 
P. re-ga'-mus, 

re-ga'-tis, 

re'-gant. 



I may or can be ruled. 

S. re'-gar, 

re-ga'-ns or -re, 

re-ga'-tur ; 
P. re-ga'-mur, 

re-gam'-I-ni, 

re-gan'-tur. 



Imperfect. 



I might, could, would, or 
should rule. 



P. 



reg'-e-rem, 

reg'-e-res, 

reg'-e-ret ; 

reg-e-re'-mus, 

reg-e-re'-tis, 

reg'-fi-rent. 



I might, could, would, or 
should be ruled. 



P. 



reg'-e-rer, 

reg-e-re'-ris or -re, 

reg-e-re'-tur; 

reg-e-re'-mur, 

reg-e-rem'-I-ni, 

reg-e-ren'-tur. 



I may have ruled. 

S. rex'-S-rim, 

rex'-e-ris, 

rex'-e-rit; 
P. rex-er'-*-mus, 

rex-er'-i-tis, 

rex'-6-rint. 



I might, could, would, 
or should have ruled. 



S. 



P. 



rex-is'-sem, 

rex-is'-ses, 

rex-is'-set ; 

rex-is-se'-mus, 

rex-is-se'-tis, 

rex-is'-sent. 



Perfect. 

I may have been ruled. 

S. rec'-tus sim or fu'-e"-rim, 
rec'-tus sis or fu'-e-ris, 
rec'-tus sit or fu'-e-rit; 

P. rec'-ti si'-mus or fu-er'-f-mus, 
rec'-ti si'-tis or fu-er'-I-tis, 
rec'-ti sint or fu'-e-rint. 

Pluperfect. 

/ might, could, would, or should 
have been ruled. 

S. rec'-tus es'-sem or fu-is'-sem, 
rec'-tus es'-ses or fu-is'-ses, % 

rec'-tus es'-set or fu-is'-set ; 

P. rec'-ti es-se'-rnus or fu-is-se'-mus, 
rec'-ti es-se'-tis or fu-is-se'-tis, 
rec'-ti es'-sent or fu-is'-sent 



VERBS THIRD CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE. PASSIVE. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



71 



s. 
p. 



rule thou. 

re'-ge or reg'-i-to, 

reg'-I-to j 

reg'-I-te or reg-i-to'-te, 

re-gun'-to. 



be tliou ruled. 

S. reg'-S-re or regM-tor, 

reg'-I-tor; 
P. re-gim'-i-ni, 

re-gun'-tor. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Prcs. reg'-e'-re, to rule. 
Per/, rex-is'-se, to have ruled. 
Fut. rec-tu'-rus es'-se, to be 
about to rule. 



Pres. re'-gi, to be ruled. 

Perf. rec'-tus es'-se or fu-is f - 

se, to have been ruled. 
Fut. rec'-tum i'-ri, to be about 

to be ruled. 



Pres. 

Fut. 



PARTICIPLES. 



re'-gens, ruling. 
rec-ta'-rus, about 
rule. 



to 



Perf. rec'-tus, ruled. 

Fut. re-gen'-dus, to be ruled. 



GERUND. 



G. re-gen'-di, of 'ruling , 

D. re-gen'-do, 

Ac. re-gen'-dum, 

M. re-gen'-do. 



SUPINES. 



Former. 
rec'-tum, to rule. 



Latter. 
rec -tu, to be ruled. 



72 VERBS FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 



Formation of the Tenses. 

274. The first root of rego is reg, the second rez f 
and the third rectu. 

275. 

From the first root, reg, are derived in the 

Active. Passive, 

rego, regor, 

regebam, lege bar, 

■regain, regar, 

regain, regar, ^ 

regerem, regerer, 



lege 



: & c > 



regSre, 



rcgtre, , regi, 

regens, regendus. 

regendi. 



From the second root, rex, are derived in the 

Active. 
rexi, rextrim, 



rexiram, 


rexissem, 


rex&ro, 


rexisse. 


From the third root, 


rectu, are derived in the 


Active, 


Passive. 


recturws esse, 


rectus sum, 


recturws, 


rectus eram, 


rectum. 


rectus ero, 




rectus sim, 




rectus essem, 




rectus esse, 




rectum iri, 




rectus, 




rectu. 



274. What is the first root of rego ? — the second ? — the third ? 

275. Repeat the parts of the active voice formed from the first root —- 
from the second — from the third; — the parts of the passive voice 
formed from the first root — from the third. 



VERBS THIRD CONJUGATION. 



73 



ACTIVE 



PASSIVE. 



276. ' 
PRINCIPAL PARTS. 



Pres. Indie. Ca f -pi-o, to take, 
Pres. lnjin. cap'-e-re, 
Per/. Indie, ce'-pi, 
Supine. cap'-tum. 



Pres. Indie, ca'-pi-or, to bt 

taken, 
Pres. Injin. ca'-pi, 
Per/. Part, cap'-tus. 



P. 



5. 



S. 



P. 



277. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. 



ca'-pi-o, 
ca'-pis, 
ca'-pit ; 
cap'-I-mus, 
cap'-I-tis, 
ca -pi-unt. 



Imperfect. 



ca-pi-g'-bam, 

ca-pi-e'-bas, 

ca-pi-e'-bat; 

ca-pi-e-ba'-mus, 

ca-pi-e-ba'-tis, 

ca-pi-e'-bant. 



Future. 



ca'-pi-ara, 

ca'-pi-es, 

ca'-pi-et; 

ca-pi-e'-mus, 

ca-pi-e'-tis, 

ca'-pi-ent. 



ca'-pi-or, 
cap'-d-ris or -re, 
cap'-Mur ; 
cap'-I-mur, 
ca-pim'-I-ni, 
ca-pi-un'-tur. 



ca-pi-e'-bar, 

ca-pi-e-ba'-ns or -re, 

ca-pi-e-ba'-tur; 

ca-pi-e-ba'-mtir, 

ca-pi-e-bam'-I-ni, 

ca-pi-e-ban'-tur. 



ca'-pi-ar, 

ca-pi-e'-ris or -re, 

ca-pi-e'-tur; 

ca-pi-e'-mur, 

ca-pi-em'-i-ni, 

ca-pi-eu'-tur. 



276. What are the principal parts of capio in the active voice T — in 
the passive? 

2/7. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, active voice — pas- 
sive voice, &c. 

7 



74 



VERBS THIRD CONJUGATION. 



The parts formed from the second and third roots being 
entirely regular, only a synopsis of them is given. 



ACTIVE. 

Perf. ce'-pi. 

Plvp. cep'-g-ram. 

Fut. Perf. cep'-g-ro. 



PASSIVE. 

Perf. cap'-tus sum or fu'-i. 

Plvp. cap'-tus e'-ram or tu'-e'-ram. 

F. P. cap'-tus e'-ro or fu'-6-ro 





SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 






Present. 




s. 


ca'-pi-am, 
ca'-pi-as-, 
ca'-pi-at ; 




S. 


ca'-pi-ar, 

ca-pi-a'-ris or -re, 
ca-pi-a'-tur; 


p. 


ca-pi-a'-mus, 

ca-pi-a'-tis, 

ca'-pi-ant. 




P. 


ca-pi-a'-mur, 

ca-pi-am'-i-ni, 

ca-pi-an'-tur. 






Imperfect. 


• 


s. 


cap'-S-rem, 
cap'-g-res, 
cap'-e-ret ; 




S. 


cap'-g-rer, 
cap-e-re'-ris or -re, 
cap-e-re'-tur ; 


p. 


cap-e-re'-mus, 

cap-e-re'-tis, 

cap'-6-rent. 




P. 


cap-e-re'-mur, 

cap-e-rem'-T-ni, 

cap-e-ren'-tur. 


Perf. 


cep'-e-rim. 


Perf cap'-tus 


\ sim or fu'-e-rim. 


Piup. 


ce-pis'-sem. | 


Plvp. cap'-tus 


es'-sem or fu-is'-sem. 




IMPERATIVE MOOD. 


5. ca'- 


•pe or cap'-i-to 




5. 


cap'-S-re or cap'-i-tor, 


cap 


'-I-to ; 






cap'-i-tor ; 


P. cap 


'-I-te or cap-i-to'-te, 


P. 


ca-pim'-I-ni, 


ca- 


pi-un'-to. 






ca-pi-un f -tor. 




INFINITIV 


E MOOD. 



Pres. cap'-g-re. 
Perf. ce-pis'-se. 
Fut, cap-tu'-rus es'-se. 



Pres. ca'-pi. 

Perf. cap'-tus es'-se or fu-is'-ee. 

Fut. cap'-tum i'-ri. 



VERBS FORMATION OP THE TENSES. 75 

ACTIVE. PASSIVE 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pre*, ca'-pi-ens. Perf* cap'-tus. 

Put, cap-tu'-rus. Put. ca-pi-en'-dui. 

GERUND. 
G. ca-pi-en'-di, &c. 

SUPINES. 
Former, cap'-tum. Latter, cap'-tu. 

Formation of the Tenses. 

278. The first root of capio is cap, the second ccp, 
and the third captu. 

279. 

From the first root, cap, are derived in the 

Active. Passive. 

cap**?, capior, 

cn\)ielmm, ca\>iebar, 

capi/m, cap//ir y 

capiVim, capmr, 

caplrem, cape rer f 

cape, capcre, 

cap^re, cap*, 

c<x\)icns, cupicndus. 
co.[)ie?idi. 

From the second root, ccp, are derived in the 

Active. 

cepz, ceperirn, 

cvperam, cepissem, 

cvperoy cepisse. 



278. What is the first root of capio ? — the second ? — the third T 
270. Repeat the parts of the active voice formed from the first root 

— from the second — from the third ; — the parts of the passive voice 

formed from the first root — from the third. 



7C 



VERBS FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



From the third root, captu, are derived in the 



Active. 
cap tun/ 5 esse, 
ca\)turus f 
captu?ra. 



Passive. 
captus sum, 
caputs eram, 
captus ero, 
captus sim, 
caplus essem, 
captus esse, 
captum iri, 
captus, 
captu. 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE. PASSIVE. 

280. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 



Pres. Indie. Au'-di-o, 

Prcs. Infin. au-di'-re, 

Per/. Indie, au-di'-vi, 

Supine. au-di'-tum. 



Pres. Indie, au -di-or, 
Prcs. btjin. au-dl'-ri, 
Per/. Part, au-di'-tus 



P. 



281. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 



/ hear. 

au'-di-o, 
au'-dis, 
au'-dit ; 
au-dt'-mus, 
au -di'-tis, 
au'-di-unt. 



Present. 



I am heard. 

au'-di-or, 

au-di'-ris or -re, 

au-dl'-tur; 

au-dl'-mur, 

au-dim'-T-ni, 

au-di-un'-tur. 



S. 



P. 



280. What are the principal parts of audio in the active voice? — to 
the passive voice ? 

281. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, active voice — 
passive voice, &c. 



VERBS FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



77 



ACTIVE. 



PASSIVE. 



Imperfect. 



S. 



P. 



I was hearing. 

au-di-e'-bam, 

au-di-e'-bas, 

au-di-e -bat; 

au-di-e-ba'-mus, 

au-di-e-ba'-tis, 

au-di-e'-bant. 



S. 



I was heard. 

au-di-e'-bar, 

au-di-e-ba'-ris or 

au-di-e-ba'-tur; 

au-di-e-ba'-mur, 

au-di-e-bam'-I-ni, 

au-di-e-ban'-tur. 



re, 



Future. 
I shall or will hear. I shall or will be heard. 



au'-di-am, 

au'-di-es, 

au'-di-et; 

au-di-e'-mus, 

au-di-e'-tis, 

au'-di-ent. 



S. au'-di-ar, 

au-di-e'-ris or -re, 

au-di-e'-tur; 
P. au-di-e'-mur, 

au-di-em'-i-ni, 

au-di-en'-tur. 



J heard or have heard. 

S. au-di'-vi, 

au-di-vis'-ti, 

au-di'-vit ; 
P. au-div'-I-mus, 

au-di-vis'-tis, 

au-di-ve'-runt or -re. 



Perfect. 
I have been or was heard. 

S. au-dl'-tus sum or fu'-i, 
au-di'-tus es or fu-is'-ti, 
au-dl'-tus est or fu'-it ; 

P. au-di'-ti su'-mus or fu'-i-mus, 
au-di'-ti es'-tis or fu-is'-tis, 
au-di'-ti sunt, fu-e'-runt or -re. 



I had heard. 

S. au-div'-e-ram, 
au-div'-e-ras, 
au-div'-e-rat ; 

P. au-di-ve-ra'-mus, 
au-di-ve-ra'-tis, 
au-div'-g-rant. 

7* 



Pluperfect. 

I had been heard. 

S. au-dl'-tus e'-ram or fu'-S-ram, 
au-dl'-tus e'-ras or fu'-e-ras, 
au-di'-tus e'-rat or fu'-e-rat ; 

P. au-di'-ti e-ra'-mus or fu-e-ra'-mus, 
au-di'-ti e-ra'-tis or fu-e-ra'-tig, 
au-di'-ti e'-rant or fu'-e-rant. 



78 



VERBS FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



ACTIVE. 



PASSIVE. 



Future Perfect. 
/ shall have heard. I shall have been heard. 



S. 



au-div'-e-ro, 

au-div'-e-ris, 

au-div'-e-rit; 

au-di-ver'-T-mus, 

au-di-ver'-i-tis, 

au-div'-e-rint. 



S. au-dl'-tus e'-ro or fu'-S-ro, 
au-dl'-tus e'-ris or fu'-g-ris, 
au-di'-tus e'-rit or fu'-6-rit; 

P. au-dl'-ti er'-I-rnus or fu-er'-T-mus, 
au-dl'-ti er'-I-tis or fu-er'-T-tis, 
au-dl'-ti e'-runt or fu'-e-rint. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
Present. 
J may or can hear. I may or can be heard. 



au'-di-am, 

au'-di-as, 

au'-di-at ; 

au-di-a'-mus, 

au-di-a'-tis, 

au'-di-ant. 



P. 



au'-di-ar, 

au-di-a'-ris or -re, 
au-di-a'-tur ; 
au-di-a'-mur, 
au-di-am'-I-ni, 
au-di-an'-tur. 



Imperfect. 



I mighty could, would, or 
should hear. 

S. au-dl'-rem, 

au-di'-res, 

au-di'-ret ; 
P. au-di-re'-mus, 

au-di-re'-tis, 

au-dl'-rent. 



I might, could, would, or 
should be heard. 

S. au-dl' rer, 

au-di-re'-ris or -re, 

au-di-re'-tur ; 
P. au-di-re'-mur, 

au-di-rem'-i-ni, 

au-di-ren'-tur. 



I may have heard. 

S. au-div'-e-rim, 
au-div'-e-ris, 
au-div'-e-rit ; 

P. au-di-ver'-f-mus, 
au-di-ver'-i-tis, 
au-cUV-6-rint. 



Perfect. 

I may have been heard. 

S. au-dl'-tus sim or fu'-e-rim, 
au-dl'-tus sis or fu'-e-ris, 
au-dl'-tus sit or fu'-g-rit; 

P. au-dl'-ti si'-mus or fu-er'-f-mus, 
au-dl'-ti si'-tis or fu-er'-i-tis, 
au-dl'-ti sint or fu'-S-rint 



VERBS FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



79 



ACTIVE. 



JT might, could, would, 
or should have heard. 

S. au-di-vis'-sem, 
au-di-vis'-ses, 
au-di-vis'-set ; 

P. au-di-vis-se'-mus, 
au-di-vis-se'-tis, 
au-di-vis'-sent. 



PASSIVE. 

Pluperfect. 

/ might, could y would f or should 
have been heard. 

S. au-dl'-tus es'-sem or fu-is y -sem, 
au-dl'-tus es'-ses or fu-is'-ses, 
au-dl'-tus es'-set or fu-is'-set; 

P.au-di'-ti es-se'-mus or fu-is-se'-mus_ 
au-dl'-ti es-se'-tis or fu-is-se'-tis, 
au-di'-ti es'-sent or fu-is'-sent. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
hear thou. - be thou heard. 



S. au'-di or au-dl'-to, 

au-dl'-to ; 
P. au-dl'-te or au-di-to'-te, 

au-di-un'-to. 



5. au-dl'-re or au-dl'-tor, 

au-dl'-tor ; 
P. au-dim'-I-ni, 

au-di-un'-tor. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Pres. au-dl'-re, to hear. 
Perf. au-di-vis'-se, to have 

heard. 
Fut. au-di-tu'-rus es'-se, to be 

about to hear. 



Pres. au-dl'-ri, to be heard. 
Perf. au-dl'-tus es'-se or fu-is 

se, to have been heard. 
Fut. au-di'-tum i'-ri, to be 

about to be heard 



PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. au'-di-ens, hearing. I Perf. au-dl -tus, heard. 

Fut. au-di-tu'-rus, about to hear. \ Fut. au-di-en'-dus, to be heard 



GERUND. 



G. au-di-en'-di, of hearing. 
D. au-di-en'-do, 
Ac. au-di-en'-dum, 
Ab. au-di-en'-do. 



SUPINES. 
Former, au-di'-tum, to hear. | Latter. au-dlMu, to be heard 



SO VERBS — FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 



Formation of the Tenses. 

282. The first root of audio is aud, the second audify 
and the third audit u. 

283. 
From the first root, aud, are derived in the 

Active. Passive. 

aud/o, audior, 

aud it bain, aud £i6ar, 

audtam, audiar, 

aud/Vm, audtar, 

audi, rem, au direr, 

audi, aud i re, 

aud 2 re, audiri, 

aud/tws, audic/wZi^s. 
audic/it/i. 

From the second root, audiv } are derived in the 

Active. 

audi v£, audivemra, 

audiveram, audiv*sse?/i, 

audivcro, audiWssc. 

From the third root, audltu, are derived in the 
Active. Passive. 

auditur?/s esse, aud it us sum, 

auditor?^, auditus eram, 

auditum. auditus ero, 

auditus sim, 
audit us essem, 
aud it us esse, 
auditum iri, 
auditus, 
auditu. 



282. What is the first root of audio ? — the second ? — the third ? 

283. Repeat the parts of the active voice formed from the first 
root — from the second — from the third ; — the parts of the passive 
voice formed from the first root — from the third. 



DEPONENT VERBS. 81 



DEPONENT VERBS. 

284. Deponent verbs are conjugated like the passive 
voice, and have also the participles, gerunds, supines, 
and participial formations, of the active voice. 

The following is an example of an active deponent verb of the 
first conjugation : — 

285. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
Mi'-ror, mi-ra'-ri, mi-ra'-tus, to admir$. 

286. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Pres. mi'-ror, mi-ra'ris, &c. I admire, &c. 

Imperf. mi-ra'-bar, &c. J was admiring. 

Fut. mi-ra'-bor, / shall admire. 

Perf. mi-ra'-tus sum or fu'-i, / have admired. 

Plup. mi-ra'-tus e'-ram or fu'-g-ram, 1 had admired. 

Fut. Perf. mi-ra'-tus e'-ro or fu'-e-ro, / shall have admired. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Pres. mi'-rer, mi-re '-ris, &c. / may admire, &c. 

Imperf. mi-ra'-rer, I would admire. 

Perf. mi-ra'-tus sim or fu'-e-rim, / may have admired. 

Plup. mi-ra'-tus es'-sem or fu-is'-sem, I would have admired, 

IMPERATIVE MOOD, 
mi-ra'-re or mi-ra'-tor, admire thou, &c. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. mi-ra'-ri, to admire. 

Fut. Act. mir-a-ta'-rus es'-se, to he about to admire. 

Perf. mi-ra'-tus es'-se or fu-is'-se, to have admired. 

Fut, Pass, mi-ra'-tum i'-ri, to be about to be admired. 



284. How are deponent verbs conjugated 1 

285. What are the principal parts ofmiror? 

286. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, through all the 
persons — the imperfect, <fec 



82 DEPONENT VERBS. IRREGULAR VERBS. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. mi'-rans, admiring. 

Fut. Act. mir-a-tu'-rus, about to admire. 

Pcrf mi-ra'-'us having admired. 

Fut. Pass, mi-ratx'-dus, to be admired. 



GERUND. 
G. mi-ran'-di, of admiring, &c. 

SUPINES. 

Former, mi-ra -turn, to admire. 
Latter. mi-ra -til, to be admired. 

287. 
Formation of the Tenses. 

« * * * * # * 

IRREGULAR VERBS. 

288. Irregular verbs are such as deviate from the 
common forms in some of the parts derived from the 
first root. 

289. They are sum, volo, fcro, edo,Jio, eo, and their 
compounds. 

Note. In general, only the irregular parts of the following 
verbs are fully exhibited. The ot!.;r parts may be supplied by 
a comparison with the regular verbs already conjugated. The 
regular parts of volo, fcro, and their compounds, follow the anal- 
ogy of the third conjugation ; Jio, eo, and their compounds, that 
of the fourth. 



287. Repeat the parts formed from the first root — from the second — 
from the lliird. 

288. What are irregular verbs ? 

289. What verbs are irregular ? 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 83 

290. Nolo is compounded of non and volo ; Malo of 
magis and volo. 

291. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Tndic. Pres. Infin. Pcrf Indie. 

Vo'-lo, vel'-le, vol'-u-i, to be willing, or to wish. 

No'-lo, nol'-le, nol'-u-i, to be unwilling. 

Ma'-lo, mal'-le, mal'-u-i, to be more willing, 

292. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 
S, VoMo, vis, vult ; P. vol'-Q-mus, vul'-tis, vo'-lunt. 

No'-lo, non'-vis, non'-vult; nol'-u-inus, non-vul'-tis, no r - 

lunt. 
Ma'-lo, ma'-vis, ma'-vult; mal' ci-mus, ma-vul'-tis, ma'- 

lunt. 







293. 




Imp, 


vo-le'-bam. 


no-le'-bam. 


ma-le'-bam. 


Fut. 


vo'-lam. 


no'-lam. 


ma'-lam. 


Pcrf. 


vol'-u-i. 


nol'-u-i. 


mal'-u-i. 


Plup. 


vo-Iu'-e-ram. 


no-lu'-e-ram. 


ma-lu'-e-ram, 


Fut. Pe? 


f. vo-lu'-e-ro. 


no-lu'-e-ro. 


ma-lu'-e-ro. 



S. ye'-lim, ve'-lis, ve'-lit; 
no'-lim, no'-lis, no'-lit; 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. 

P. ve-ll'-mus, ve-ll'-tis, ve'-lint. 

no-li'-mus, no-ll'-tis, no'-lint. 

ma'-lim, ma'-lis, ma'-lit; ma-li'-mus, ma-ll'-tis, ma'-lint. 

Imperfect. 

S. vel'-lem, vel'-les, vel'-let; P. vel-le'-mus, vel-le'-tis, vel' 

lent. 
nol'-lem, nol'-les, nol'-let; nol-le'-mus, nol-le'-tis, nol'- 

lent. 
mal'-lem, mal'-les, mal'-let; mal-Ie'-mus, mal-le'-tis, mal'- 

lent. 

290. Of what are nolo and malo compounded ? 

291. What arc the principal pans ol volo 1 — of nolo ? — of malo ? 

292. Repeat the indicative mood ; present tense, of volo*— of nolo—> 
of vudo. 

293. Repeat the imperfect of volo, &c. 



«4 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Perf. vo-lu'-g-rim. no-lu'-g-rim. ma-lu'-S-rim. 
Plup. vol-u-is'-sem. nol-u-is'-sem. mal-u-is'-sem. 

IMPERATIVE. 
5. 2. no'-li or no-ll'-to ; P. 2. no-ll'-te or nol-i-to' te. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. vel'-le. nol'-le. maP-le. 

Perf. vol-u-is'-se. nol-u-is'-se. mal-u-is'-se. 

PARTICIPLE. 
Pres. vo'-lens. no'-lens. 



Fero, to bear, is thus conjugated : • 



ACTIVE. 



294. 



PASSIVE 



PRINCIPAL PARTS. 



Pres. Indie. 
Pres. Infin. 
Perf. Indie. 
Supine. 



Fe'-ro, 
fer'-re, 
tu'-li, 
la'-tum. 



Pres. Indie, Fe'-ror, 
Pres. Infin. fer'-ri, 
Perf. Part. • la'-tus. 



295. 

INDICATIVE. 

Present. 



5. fe'-ro, fers, fert; 5. fe'-ror, fer'-ris or -re, fer'-tur; 

P.fer'-I-mus, fer'-tis,fe'-runt. P. fer'-!-mui,fe-rim'-i-ni,fe-run'-tar. 



Imp. fe-re'-bam. 

Fut. fe'-ram. 

Perf. tu'-li. 

Plup. tu'-l6-ram. 

Fut. Perf <tu'-le-ro. 



Imp. fe-re'-bar. 

Fut. fe'-rar. 

Perf la'-tus sum or fu'-i. 

Plup. la'-tus e'-ram or fu'-e'-ram. 

F, P. la'-tus e'-ro or fu'-6-ro. 



294. What are the principal parts of fero in the active voice — 
in the passive voice ? 

295. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, active voice— 
passive voice, &c» 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



85 



ACTIVE. 



PASSIVE. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Pres. fe'-ram. 
Imp. S. fer'-rem, fer'-res, fer'- 
ret; 
P. fer-re'-mus, fer-re'-tis, 
fer'-rent. 
Perf. tu'-le-rim. 
Ptup tu-lis'-sem. 



Pres. fe'-rar. 

Imp, S. fer'-rer, fer-re'-ris or 

-re, fer-re'-tur ; 
P. fer-re'-mur, fer-rem'- 

i-ni, fer-ren'-tur. 
Perf. la'-tus sim or fu'-S- 

rim. 
Plup. la'-tus es'-sem or fu- 

is'-sem. 



IMPERATIVE. 

S. fer or fer'-to, fer'-to; I S. fer'-re or fer'-tor, fer'-tor; 

P. fer'-te or fer-to'-te, fe-run'-to. P. fe-rim'-I-ni, fe-run'-tor 



INFINITIVE. 



Pres. fer'-re. 

Perf. tu-lis'-se. 

Fut. la-tu'-rus es'-se. 



Pres. fer'-ri. 

Perf la'-tus es'-se or fu-is'-se 

Fut. la'-tum i'-ri. 



PARTICIPLES. 



Pres. fe'-rens. 
Fut. la-tu'-rus. 



Perf la'-tus. 
Fut. fe-ren'-dus. 



GERUND, 
fe-ren'-di, &c. | 

SUPINES. 
Former, la'-tum. Latter, la'-tu. 



296. Fin is used as the passive voice of facio, which 
has no regular passive. 



296. How is^o used 1 



86 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



297. 

Pres, Indie. Prcs. Infin. Perf. Part. 

Fi'-o, fi'-g-ri, fac'-tus, to be made or to become. 



Pres. S. fi'-o, fis, fit; 

P. fi'-mus, fi'-tis, f? -unt 
Imp. fi-e'-bam. 
Fut. fi'-am. 
Perf. fac'-tus sum or fu'-i, 



298. 
INDICATIVE. 

Plup. 



fac'-tus e'-ram or 
fu'-g-ram. 
Fut. Perf. fac'-tus e'-ro or fu' 
e-ro. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Pres, fi'-am. 
Imp. fi'-g-rem. 
Perf. fac'-tus sim or fu'- 
g-rim. 



Plup. fac'-tus es'-sem or fu 
is'-sem. 



IMPERATIVE. 

S. fi or fi'-to, fi'-to; 

P. fi'-te or fi-to'-te, fi-un'-to. 



INFINITIVE. 

Pres. fi'-e-ri. 

Perf. fac'-tus es'-se or fu-is'-se. 

Fut. fac'-tum i -ri. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Perf. fac'-tus. 
Fut. fa-ci-en'-dus. 



SUPINE. 
Latter, fac'-tu. 



Pres. Indie. 
E'-o, 



Eo is thus conjugated : — 

299. 

Pres. Infin. Perf Indie. Perf. Part. 

i'-re, i'-vi, i'-tum, to go. 



297. What are the principal parts ofjlo ? 

298. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, &c. 

299. What are the principal parts of eo ? 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 



87 



300. 

INDICATIVE. 

Pres. S. e'-o, is, it ; P. i'-mus, i'-tis, e'-unt. 

Imp. S. i'-bam, i'-bas, i'-bat ; P. i-ba'-mus, i-ba'-tis, i'-bant 

Fut. S. i'-bo, i'-bis, i'-bit; P. ib'-I-mus, ib'-I-tis, i'-bunt. 

Pcrf. i'-vi. 

Plup. iv'-e-ram. 

Fut. P. iv'-e-ro. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pres. S. e'-am, e'-as, e'-at ; P. e-a'-mus, e-a'-tis, e'-ant. 

Imp. S. i'-rem, i'-res, i'-ret ; P. i-re'-mus, i-re'-tis, i'-rent. 
Perf. iv'-e-rim. 

Plup. i-vis'-sem. 



IMPERATIVE. 

S. i or i f -to, i'-to; 

P. i'-te or i-to'-te, e-un'-to. 



INFINITIVE. 

Pres. i'-re. 

Perf. i-vis'-se. 

Fut. i-tu'-rus es'-se. 



PARTICIPLES. GERUND. 

Pres. i'-ens, {gen. e-un'-tis.) e-tm'-di, &c. 

Fut. i-tu'-rus. 

301. The compounds of eo are conjugated like the 
simple verb, but most of them have ii in the perfect 
rather than ivi. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

302. Defective verbs are those which are not used in 
certain tenses, numbers, or persons. 



300. Repeat the indicative mood, present tense, &,c. 

301. How are tne compounds of eo conjugated ? 

302. What are defective verbs ? 



OO DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

The following list contains such verbs as are remarkable fo? 
wanting many of their parts : — 

303. 

1. Odi, I hate. 6. Fari, to speak. 

2. Ccepi, / have began. 7. Quaeso, / pray. 

3. JVleuuni, I remember. 8. Ave, ) , - 7 

4. Aio, \ T 9.,Salve,< /iaU - 

5. InquamJ 7 ^ '* 

304. Odi, capi, and memini, are used chiefly in the 
perfect and *in the other parts formed from the second 
root, and are thence called prctcritive verbs : — Thus, 

305. 

1. In t i>. perf. o'-di or o'-sus sum ; plvp. od'-e-ram ; /. perf. od'-g-ro. 
{Subj. perf. od'-e-rim ; plvp. o-dis'-sem. 

Inf. perf. o-dis'-se. 

¥ art. fut, o-su'-rus ; perf. o'-sus. 

30G. Exosus and pcrosus, like osus, are used ac- 
tively. 

307. 

2. Int>. perf. coe'-pi ; plvp. coep'-e'-ram ; /. perf. ccep'-S-ro. 
iSubj. perf coep'-6-rim ; plup. coe-pis'-scin. 

Inf. perf. coe-pis'-se. 

Y art. fut. ccep-tu'-rus ; perf. ccep'-tus. 

308. 

3. Ind. perf. mem'-I-ni; plvp. me-min'-e'-ram ;fperf. me-min'-e'-ro 
Subj. perf me-min'-e-rim; plup. mem-i-nis'-sem. 

Inf. perf mem-i-nis'-se. 

Iaipekat. 2 pcrs. me-men'-to, mem-en-to'-te. 



303. Mow many verbs are especially defective ? 

304. What is said of odi, ccepi, and memiui! 

305. Conjugate odi. 

300. How are osus and its compounds used ? 

307. Conjugate ccepi. 

308. Conjugate memini. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. bU 

309. Odi and mcmini have, in the perfect, the sense 
of the present, and, in the pluperfect and future perfect, 
the sense of the imperfect and future. 

310. 

4. Ind. pres. S. ai'-o,* a'-is, a'-it ; P. , , ai'-unt.* 

imp. S. ai-e'-bam, ai-e'-bas, ai-e'-bat; 

P. , ai-e-ba'-tis, ai-e'-bant. 

Sub j. pres. , ai'-as, ai'-at ; , , ai'-ant 

Imperat. a'-i. Part. pres. ai'-ens. 

• 

311. 

5. Ind. pres. S. in'-quam or in'-qui-o, in'-quis, in'-quit; 

P. in'-qul-mus, in'-qul-tis, in'-qui-unt. 

imp. , , in-qui-e'-bat ; , , . 

fut. , in'-qui-es, in'-qui-et; , , . 

perf. , in-quis'-ti, in'-quit ; , , . 

Subj. pres. , , iiV-qui-at; , , . 

Imperat. in'-que, in'-qui-to. 

312. 

6. Ind. pres. , , fa'-tur. fut. fa'-bor, , fab'-I-tur. 

Imperat. fa'-re. 

Infin. pres. fa'-ri. 

Part. pres. fans ; perf. fa'-tus ; fut. fan'-dus. 
Gerund, gen. fan'-di; ail. fan'-do. 
Supine, fa'-tu. 

7. Ind. pres. S. quaV-so, ,quae'-sit ; P. quees'-u>mus, ,— • 

Inf. pres. quses'-e-re. 

8. Imperat. S. a'-ve, a-ve'-to ; P. a-ve'-te. Inf. a-ve'-re. 

9. Ind. pres. sal'-ve-o. fut. sal-ve'-bis. 
Inf. pres. sal-ve'-re. 

Imperat. S. sal'-ve, sal-ve'-to; P. sal-ve'-t^. 

309. In what sense are odi and memini used ? 

310. Conjugate aw. 

311. Conjugate inquam. 

312. Conjugate fatur — quceso — ave — salveo. 

* Pronounced at-yo, d-vm*, &c. 

8* 



00 DEFECTIVE VERBS. IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

313. Amonnr defective verbs is sometimes included 
forty which is thus conjugated : — 

314. 

Svhj. impcrf. S. fo'-rem, fo'-rcs, fo'-ret; P. , , fo'-rent 

Inf. jircs. fo'-re. 

315. Forem has the same meaning as esscm, and fore 
the same asfutitrus esse. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

310. Impersonal verbs are those which are used only 
in the third person singular, and do not admit of a 
personal subject. 

317. Their English is generally preceded by the 
pronoun it, especially in the active voice ; as, dclectat, it 
delights ; cleat, it becomes. 

318. Frequentatives express the frequent repetition 
of the action denoted by the primitive. 

319. They are all of the first conjugation, and are 
formed from the third root of their primitives. 

320. Inceptivcs mark the beginning, or increased 
degree of the action or state expressed by the primi- 
tive. 

321. They all end in sco, and are formed by adding 
that termination to the root of the primitive, with its 
connecting vowel. 



313. What other verb may be included among the defectives ? 

314. Conjugate it. 

315. What is the meaning of forem? 

316. What are impersonal verbs? 

317. How are they translated ? 

318. What are frequentative verbs? 

319. Of what conjugation are they, and how are they formed 7 

320. What are inceptive verbs ? < 

321. How do they end, and in what manner are they formed 7 , 



PARTICLES. ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS. 91 



PARTICLES. 

322. The parts of speech which are neither declined 
nor conjugated, are called by the general name of 
particles. 

323. They are adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, 
and interjections. 

ADVERBS. 

324. An adverb is a particle used to modify or limit 
the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another ad- 
verb. 

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 

325. Adverbs derived from adjectives with the ter- 
minations e and tcr, and most of those in o, are coin- 
pared like their primitives. 

326. The comparative ends in ius 9 and the super- 
lative in wie. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

327. A preposition is a particle which expresses the 
relation between a noun or pronoun and some pre- 
ceding word. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

328. A conjunction is a particle which connects 
words or propositions. 



322. What are particles ? 

323. Mention the classes of particles. 

324. What is an adverb ? 

325. What adverbs are compared ? 

32G. How do the comparative and superlative end ? 

327. What is a preposition t 

S28. What is a conjunction ? 



D2 CONJUNCTIONS, INTERJECTIONS. SYNTAX. 

COPULATIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 

329. Copulative conjunctions are such as connect 
things that are to be considered jointly ; as, ac, atque, 
£t, etiam, que, quoque, and the negative nee or neque. 

DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS. 

330. Disjunctive conjunctions are such as connect 
things that are to be considered separately; as, aut, 
seu, sive, ve, vel, and the negative neve or neu. 

INTERJECTIONS. 

331. An interjection is a particle used in exclama- 
tion, and expressing some emotion of the mind. 



SYNTAX. 

332. Syntax treats of the construction of proposi- 
tions, their connection and dependence. 

333. A proposition consists of a subject and a predi- 
cate. 

334. The subject of a proposition is that of which 
something is affirmed. 



329. What are copulative conjunctions ? 

330. What are disjunctive conjunctions ? 

331. What is an interjection 1 

332. Of what does syntax treat ? 

333. Of what does a proposition consist ? 

334. What is the subject of a proposition ? 



SYNTAX. 93 

335. The predicate expresses that which is affirmed 
of the subject. 

Thus, in the proposition, Equus mrrit, The horse runs, equus 
is the subject, and currit is the predicate. 

336. The grammatical subject is either a noun, or 
some word standing for a noun. The logical subject 
consists of the grammatical subject with its various 
modifications. 

Thus, Conscientia bene actoe vitae est jucundisslma, The con- 
sciousness of a well-spent life is very pleasant. Here conscientia 
is the grammatical, and conscientia bent acta vita the logical 
subject. 

337. The grammatical predicate is either a verb 
alone, or the copula sum with a noun or adjective. 
The logical predicate consists of the grammatical 
predicate with its various modifications. 

Thus, Scij/io fudit Annibaiis copias, Scipio routed the forces 
of Hannibal. Here fudit is the grammatical, and fudit Annibaiis 
copias the logical predicate. 

338. A sentence may consist either of one proposi- 
tion, or of two or more propositions connected together. 

339. A sentence consisting of one proposition is 
called a simple sentence. 

340. A sentence consisting oftwoormore proposi- 
tions is called a compound sentence, and the proposi- 
tions of which it is composed are called members or 
clauses. 



535. What is the predicate of a proposition ? 

33G. What is the distinction between the grammatical and the logical 
subject ? 

3.T7. What is the distinction between the grammatical and logical 
predicate? 

3'tt. Of what does a sentence consist? 

33*J. What is a simple sentence 1 

340. What is a compound sentence ? 



94 SYNTAX APPOSITION. 

341. That member of a compound sentence on which 
the others depend, is called the leading clause ; its sub- 
ject, the hading subject ; and its verb, the leading 
verb. 

342. The members of a compound sentence may be 
connected by relative words, conjunctions, or adverbs. 

343. Agreement is the correspondence of one word 
with another in gender, number, case, or person. 

344. A word is said to govern another, when it re- 
quires it to be put in a certain case or mood. 

345. A word is said to depend on another, when its 
case, gender, number, mood, tense, or person, is de- 
termined by that word. 

346. A word is said to folloio another, when it de- 
pends upon it in construction, (whatever may be its 
position in the sentence.) 



APPOSITION. 

347. A noun, annexed to another noun or to a pro- 
noun, and denoting the same person or thing, is put in 
the same case ; as, 

Roma urbs, the city Rome. Nos consules, we consuls. 

348. A noun in apposition to two or more nouns, is 
usually put in the plural ; as, 

M. Jlntonius, C. Cassius tribuni plebis ; Mark Antony (and) 
Caius Cassius, tribunes of the people. 

341. What is the leading clause of a compound sentence? 

342. How may the members of a compound sentence be connected ? 

343. What is agreement ? 

344. When is a word said to govern another ? 

345. When is a word said to depend on another ? 
34G. When is a word said to follow another ? 

347. What is the rule for words in apposition ? 

348. What is said of a noun in apposition to two or more 
nouns? 



SYNTAX ADJECTIVES. 95 

349. The principal noun or pronoun in the answer 
to a question must be in the same case with the corre- 
sponding interrogative word ; as, 

Quis herus est tibi f Amphitruo. Who is your master ? 
Amphitruo. Quid quceris? Librum. What are you looking 
for ? A book. 



ADJECTIVES. 

350. Adjectives, adjective pronouns, and participles, 
agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case; 
as, 

Bonus vir, A good man. Bonos xiros, Good men. 

Bcnigna mater, A kind mother. Vance leges, Useless laws. 
Triste bellum, A sad war. Hcec res, This thing. 

351. An adjective belonging to two or more nouns 
is put in the plural ; as, 

Lupus et agnus siti compulsi, A wolf and a lamb, constrained 
by thirst. 

352. Exc. The adjective often agrees with the 
nearest noun, and is understood with the rest ; as, 

Sociis et rege recepto, (Our) companions and king being re* 
covered. 

When the nouns are of different genders, 

353. (1.) If they denote living things, the adjective 
is masculine rather than feminine ; as, 

Pater mihi et mater mortui sunt, My father and mother are 
dead. 



349. What is the rule for interrogative ana responsive words ? 

350. What is the rule for the agreement of adjectives ? 

V»l. Of what number is an adjective belonging to two or more nouns 7 

352. vV »idt "yoeotion is there to this remark ? 

353. What is the iulv when the nouns are of different genders, but 
denote living things ? 



96 SYNTAX ADJECTIVES. 

354. (2.) If they denote things without life, the ad- 
jective is generally neuter ; as, 

His genus, tetas, eloque?Uia prope sequalia fuere; Their family, 
age, and eloquence, were nearly equal. 

355. An adjective qualifying a collective noun, is often 
put in the plural, taking the gender of the individuals 
which the noun denotes ; as, 

Pars certdre parati, A part prepared to contend. 

356. An adjective is often used alone, the noun with 
which it agrees being understood ; as, 

Boni sunt rari, sc. homines; Good (men) are rare. Dextra, 
sc. manus ; The right (hand.) 

357. Neuter adjectives are very often used alone, 
when the word tiling is to be supplied in English ; as, 

Triste lupus stabulis ; The wolf, a grievous (thing) to the 
folds. 

358. Imperatives, infinitives, adverbs, clauses, and 
words considered merely as such, may be used substan- 
tively, and take a neuter adjective ; as, 

Supremum vale dixit, He pronounced a last farewell. JYwn- 
quam est utile peccare, To do wrong is never useful. 

359. The adjectives primus, medius, ultimus, infU 
mus, summus, supremus, reliquus, and cetera, often sig- 
nify the first part, the middle part, &c. of a thing ; as, 

Media nox, The middle of the night. Summa arbor. The high- 
est part of a tree. 



354. What is the rule when the nouns are of different genders, but 
denote thing's without life ? 

355. What is the rule for an adjective qualifying a collective noun ? 

356. Is the noun to whift an adjective belongs always expressed 1 

357. What is said of neuter adjectives when used alone 1 

358. When imperatives, infinitives, &c. are used substantively, ot 
what gender are their adjectives ? 

35 ( J. What is the remark respecting the adjectives ynmus, medius, 

&C.1 



SUBJECT-NOMINATIVE AND VERB. 97 

RELATIVES. 

360. Relatives agree with their antecedents in gen- 
der and number, but their case depends on the con- 
struction of the clause to which they belong ; as, 

Puer qui legit, The boy who reads. Animal quod currit y The 
animal which runs. Literm quas dcdi, The letter which I gave. 

361. Sometimes the antecedent is a proposition, and 
then the relative is commonly neuter ; as, 

Postremd, quod difficillimum inter mortdlcs, glorid invidiam 
vicisti ; Finally, you have overcome envy with glory, which, 
among men, is very difficult. 

362. The relative at the beginning of a sentence 
may often be translated by a demonstrative pronoun; as, 

Quas cum. ita sint, Since these things are so. 



POSSESSIVES. 

362J. The possessive pronouns are often omitted, 
especially when used as reflexives ; as, 

Qud revcrtar ? In patriam f sc. meam ; Whither shall I re- 
turn ? Into (my) country ? 



NOMINATIVE. 

SUBJECT-NOMINATIVE AND VERB. 

363. A verb agrees with its subject-nominative in 
number and person ; as, 

360. What is the rule for the agreement of relatives ? 
3G1. Of what gender is the relative when the antecedent is a prop- 
osition ? 

362. How may the relative be translated at the beginning of a 
sentence ? 

302^. Are possessive pronouns ever omitted ? 

363. What is the rule for the agreement of a verb ? 

9 



98 SUBJECT-NOMINATIVE AND VERB. 

Ego lego, I read. Nos legtmus, We read. 

Tu scrihts, Thou writest. Vos scribitis, You write. 

Equus currit, The horse runs. Equi currunt, Horses run. 

364. The nominatives ego, tu, nos, vos, are seldom 
expressed; as, cupio, I desire; vivis, thou livest ; 
habemus, we have. The nominative of the third person 
also is often omitted. 

365. The relative qui may refer to an antecedent 
either of the first, second, or third person; and its 
verb takes the person of the antecedent ; as, 

Ego qui lego, I who read. Tu qui scribis, Thou who writest. 
Equus qui currit, The horse which runs. 

366. A collective noun has sometimes a plural verb ; as, 
Pars epulis onerant mensas, Part load the tables with food. 

367. Two or more nominatives singular, not in ap- 
position, generally have a plural verb ; as, 

Furor ir&que mentcm praecipitant, Fury and rage hurry on 
(my) mind. 

368. A singular verb is often used after several nom- 
inatives singular, especially if they denote things with- 
out life. 

369. If the nominatives are of different persons, the 
verb agrees with the first person rather than the second, 
and with the second rather than the third ; as, 

Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus ; If you and Tullia 
are well, Cicero and I are well. 

370. The interjections en, ecce, and O, are sometimes 
followed by the nominative ; as, 

En Pridmus ! Lo Priam ! Ecce homo Catienus ! vir fortis 
atque amicus ! 

364. What nominatives are seldom expressed ? 

365. Of what person is a verb when it agrees with the relative qui 1 

366. Of what number is the verb of a collective noun ? 

367. Of what number is the verb which agrees with two or more nouns ? 

368. What is the rule when the nominatives denote things without life ? 

369. Of what person is the verb when its nominatives are of different 
persons ? 

370. What interjections are followed by the nominative ? 



I 



PRED. NOM. GENITIVE AFTER NOUNS. 99 



PREDICATE-NOMINATIVE. 

371. A noun in the predicate, after a verb neuter or 
passive, is put in the same case as the subject, when it 
denotes the same person or thing ; as, 

Ira furor brevis est, Anger is a short madness. Ego vocor 
Lyconides, I am called Lyconides. Ego incedo reglna, I walk a 
queen. Judicem me esse volo } I wish to be a judge. 



GENITIVE. 

GENITIVE AFTER NOUNS. 

372. A noun which limits the meaning of another 
noun, denoting a different person or thing, is put in 
the genitive ; as, 

Amor gloria, Love of glory. Vitium ira, The vice of anger. 

JLrma Achillis, The arms of Nemdrum custos, The guardian 

Achilles. of the groves. 

Pater patriae, The father of the Amor haucndi } Love of possess- 

country. ing. 

373. A substantive pronoun, which limits the mean- 
ing of a noun, is put in the genitive ; as, 

Cura mei, Care for me. Pars tui, Part of thee. Nostri nun- 
ciusj Our messenger. 

374. The dative is sometimes used like the genitive ; 
as, 

Exitium pecori, A destruction to the flock. Cui corpus por- 
rigitur, For whom the body is extended, i. e. whose body is 
extended. 

375. When the limiting noun denotes a property, 



371. What is the rule for the predicate-nominative and accusative ? 

37°2. What is the rule for the genitive after nouns 7 

373. What is the rule for the genitive of substantive pronouns? 

374. What other case is sometimes used instead of the genitive ? 

375. What is the rule for the genitive denoting a property, character 
&c? 



100 GENITIVE AFTER PARTITIVES, &C. 

character, or quality, and has an adjective agreeing with 
it, it is put either in the genitive or ablative ; as, 

Vir exempli recti, A man of correct example. Jldalcscens 
sinnrnm audarire, A youtii of the greatest boldness. Fossa pedum 
piginti, A ditch of twenty feet. Putchritudink exhnid femlna, 
A woman of exquisite beauty. Maximo natu fdius, The eldest 
son. 

37G. When the noun on which the genitive depends 
signi Res part, property, duty, office, mark, characteristic, 
&,c, it is often omitted after the verb sum; as, 

Tcmeritas est Jlorentis cvtatis, prudentia sencctutis 5 Rashness ia 
(the characteristic) of youth, prudence of old age. Molescentis 
est iniijores natu recereri, It is (the duty) of a youth to reverence 
the aged. * 

GENITIVE AFTER PARTITIVES. 

377. Nouns, adjectives, adjective pronouns, and ad- 
verbs, denoting a part, are followed by a genitive deno- 
ting the whole ; as, 

Pars civitdtis, A part of the state. Nulla sordrum, No one of 
the sisters, jihqnis pldlosophorum, Some one of the philosophers. 
Qitis mortalium ? Who of mortals ? Major jnvenum, The elder of 
the youths. Doctisslmus Romandrvm, The most learned of the 
Romans. Mai turn pecunm, Mucji (of ) money. Satis el oquentiee, 
Enough of eloquence. Ublnd'm gentium sumus? Where on 
earth are we ? 

GENITIVE AFTER ADJECTIVES. 

378. A noun limiting the meaning of an adjective 
is put in the genitive, to denote the relation expressed in 
English by of, or in respect of; as, 

rfrldus ' laud is, Desirous of praise. Jippetens gloria, Desirous 
of glory. Manor virtu lis, Mindful of virtue Plena timoris, 
Full of fear, fcgin&s aqua, Destitute of water. Doctus fundi, 
Skilful in speaking. 

376. When is the noun on which the genitive depends often omitted 1 

377. What is the rule for the genitive after partitives ? 

378. What is the rule for the genitive after adjectives ? 



GENITIVE AFTER VERBS. 101 



GENITIVE AFTER VERBS. 

379. Sum, and verbs of valuing, are followed by a 
genitive denoting degree of estimation ; as, 

A me argentum, quanti est sumlto; Take of me so much money 
as (he) is worth. Magni ccstimabat jtecun'uim, He valued money 

greatly. 

380. Misereor, miseresco, and the impersonals mise- 
ret, pcenitet, pudet, tcedet, and piget, are followed by a 
genitive of the object in respect to which the feeling is 
exercised ; as, 

Miser emXni sociorum, Pity the allies. MiserescUe regis, Pity 
the king. Tui me miseret, I pity you. 

381. Sat ago is followed by a genitive denoting in 
what respect ; as, 

Is satdgit rerum sudrum, He is busily occupied with his own 
affairs. 

382. Recordor, memini, reminiscor, and obliviscor, 
are followed by a genitive or accusative of the object 
remembered or forgotten; as, 

Hujus meriti recordor, I remember his merit. Omncs gradus 
cetatis recordor tuce, I call to mind all the periods of your life. 
Memini vivorum, I am mindful of the living. Numeros memini, 
I remember the measure. Cinnam memini, I remember Cinna. 

383. Verbs of accusing, convicting, condemning, and 
acquitting, are followed by a genitive denoting the 
crime ; as, 

Jlrguit me furti, He accuses me of theft. Alterum accusal 
probri, He accuses another of villany. 



379. What is the rule for the genitive after sinn, and verbs of val- 
uing? 

380. What is the rule for the genitive after misereor, &c. ? 

381. What is the rule for the genitive after satago? 

382. What is the rule for the genitive after recordor, &c. ? 

383. What is the rule for the genitive after verbs of accusing, &c. ? 

9* 



102 GENITIVE OF PLACE. 

384. Verbs of admonishing are followed by a genitive 
denoting that in respect to which the admonition is 
given ; as, 

Millies temporis monet, He admonishes the soldiers of the oc- 
casion. 

385. Refert and interest are followed by a genitive 
of the person or thing whose concern or interest they 
denote ; as, 

Humanitatis refcrt, It concerns human nature. Interest om- 
nium recte facere, It concerns all to do right. 

38G. Instead of the genitive of the substantive pro- 
nouns, after refert and interest, the adjective pronouns 
mea, tua, sua, nostra, and vestra, are used ; as, 

Mea nihil refert, It does not concern me. 



GENITIVE OF PLACE. 

387. The name of a town in which any thing is said 
to be, or to be done, if of the first or second declension 
and singular number, is put in the genitive ; as, 

Habitat Mileti, He lives at Miletus. Quid Roincc faciam f 
What can 1 do at Rome ? 

338. The genitives clomi, militia, belli, and humi, are 
construed like names of towns ; as, 

Tcnuit se domi, He staid at home. Una semper militiae et 
domi fulmus, We were always together, both at home and 
abroad. 



384. What is the rule for the genitive after verbs of admonishing, &c? 

385. What is the rule for the genitive after refert and interest? 

38b\ What is said respecting the genitive of substantive pronouns 
aft>r refert and interest ? 

^87. What is the rule for the genitive of place ? 

388. What oilier nouns are construed in the genitive like names of 
towns ? 



DATIVE AFTER ADJECTIVES AFTER VERBS. 103 

DATIVE. 
DATIVE AFTER ADJECTIVES. 

3S9. A noun limiting the meaning of an adjective 
is put in the dative, to denote the object or end to which 
the quality is directed ; as, 

Utilis agris, Useful to the fields. Jucundus amicis, Agreea- 
ble to (his) friends. Inimicus quieti, Unfriendly to rest. 

DATIVE AFTER VERBS. 

390. A noun limiting the meaning of a verb is put 
in the dative, to denote the object, or end, to or for 
which any thing is, or is done ; as, 

Mca damns tibi patct, My house is open to you. Tibi seris, 
tibi metis ; You sow for yourself, you reap for yourself. Licet 
nemi'ni, It is lawful to no one. Hoc tibi promitto, I promise this 
to you. 

391. Many verbs signifying to favor, please, trust, 
and their contraries, also to assist, command, obey, serve, 
resist, threaten, and be angry, govern the dative; as, 

Ilia tibi faret, She favors you. 

392. Many verbs compounded with these eleven 
prepositions, ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prce, pro, 
sub, and super, are followed by the dative ; as, 

Amvut cceptis, Favor (our) undertakings. Romanis equitlbus 
litercB affcrimtur, Letters are brought to the Roman knights. 
Antccellerc omnibus, To excel alL 

393. Some verbs of repelling and taking away (most 



389. What is the rule for the dative after adjectives ? 

390. What is the rule for the dative after verbs ? 

391. What is the rule for verbs signifying' to favor, &c. ? 

392. What is the rule for the dative after verbs compounded witk 
prepositions ? 

393. — after verbs of repelling and taking away 1 



104 DATIVE AFTER VERBS. 

of which are compounds of ab, de, or ex,) are sometimes 
followed by the dative, though more commonly by the 
ablative ; as, 

Ncc mihi te eripient, Nor shall they take you from me. 

394. Verbs compounded with satis, bene, and male, 
are followed by the dative ; as, 

Et naturae et leglbus satisfecit, He satisfied both nature and 
the laws. Pulchrum est benefacere reipubllcae, It is honorable to 
benefit the state. 

395. The participle in dus is followed by a dative of 
the agent; as, 

Semel omnibus calcanda est via leti, The way of death must 
once be trod by aH. 

396. Est is followed by a dative denoting a possessor ; 
— the thing possessed being the subject of the verb ; 
as, 

Est mihi domi pater, I have a father at home. Sunt nobis 
mitia poma, We have mellow apples. 

397. Sum, and several other verbs, are followed by 
two datives, one of which denotes the object to ichich, 
the other the end for which, any thing is, or is done ; as, 

Mihi maxima est curse, It is a very great care to me. Spero 
nobis hanc conjunctiouem voluptati fore, I hope that this union 
•will bring pleasure to us. 

398. Some particles are followed by the dative of the 
end or object ; as, 

Troxlmh castris, Very near to the camp. Congruentcr natura, 
Agreeably to nature. Mihi clam est, It is unknown to me. Hei 
mihi ! Ah me ! Vai mihi ' Woe is me ! 



394. What is the rule for the dative after verbs compounded with 
*atis, &c. ? 

3 ( J5. after the participle in dus ? 

39G. after est? 

397. after sum, &c. ? 

■398. What is the rule for the dative after particles ? 



ACCUSATIVE AFTER VERBS. 105 

ACCUSATIVE. 
ACCUSATIVE AFTER VERBS. 

399. The object C;f an active verb is put in the ac- 
cusative; as, 

Legates mittunt, They send ambassadors. Animus movct 
corpus, The mind moves the body. Da veniam hanc, Grant this 
favor. Eum imitdti sunt. They imitated him. 

400. An infinitive, or one or more clauses, may sup- 
ply the place of the accusative; as, 

Da mild fallere, Give me to deceive. 

401. The impersonal verbs miseret, poenitet, pudet, 
tcedet, and piget, likewise miserescit, miser etur, and per- 
tcesum. est, are followed by an accusative of the person 
exercising the feeling ; as, 

Eorum nos miseret, We pity them. 

402. Juvat, delectat, falUt, fit git, and praterit, also, 
are followed by an accusative of the person ; as, 

Te hildri animo esse valde me juvat, That you are in good 
spirits delights me. 

403. Verbs signifying to name or call, to choose, 
render, or constitute, to esteem or reckon, are followed 
by two accusatives denoting the same person or thing ; 
as, 

Urbem Antiochlam vocavit, He called the city Antioch. 

404. Many other verbs, besides their proper accusa- 



399. What is the rule for the object of an active verb ? 

400. What may supply the place of the accusative ? 

401. What is the rule for the accusative after miseret, &c. ? 

402. after jurat, delectat, &c ? 

403. after verbs signifying to name or call, &c. ? 

404. What is the rule for the accusative denoting a purpose, time, 
character, &c. ? 



106 ACCUSATIVE AFTER VERBS. 

tive, take a second, denoting a. purpose, time, character > 
&/C. ; as, 

Talent se imperatorem prohibit, He showed himself such a 
commander. 

405. Verbs of asking, demanding, and teaching, and 
celo, (to conceal,) are followed by two accusatives, one 
of a person, the other of a thing ; as, 

Posce deos veniam, Ask favor of the gods. Quis musicam 
docuit Epaminondam ? Who taught Epaminondas music ? An- 
tigonus iter omnes celat, Antigonus conceals his route from all. 

406. Some neuter verbs are followed by an accusa- 
tive of kindred signification to their own ; as, 

Vitam vivere, To live a life. Islam pugnam pugndbo, I will 

•fight that battle. 

407. Many verbs are followed by an accusative de- 
pending upon a preposition with which they are com- 
pounded; as, 

Omnem equitatum pontem transducit, He leads all the cavalry 
-over the bridge. Magicas accingier artes, To be prepared for 
magic arts. 

408. When the active voice takes an accusative both 
of a person and thing, the passive retains the latter ; as, 

Rogatus est sententiam, He was asked his opinion. 

409. An adjective, verb, and participle, are some- 
times followed by an accusative denoting the part to 
which their signification relates ; as, 

Kudus membra, Bare as to (his) limbs. 

Remark. — This construction is usually called Synecdoche. 



405. What is the rule for verbs of asking, demanding, &.c. ? 
40fi. Do neuter verbs ever govern an accusative 1 

407. What is the rule for the accusative after verbs compounded with 
a preposition ? 

408. When the active voice of a verb takes two accusatives, how is it 
■construed in the passive ? 

401). What is the rule for the accusative by synecdoche 1 



ACCUSATIVE AFTER PREPOSITIONS. 



107 



ad, 

adversus or adversum, 

ante, 

apud, 

circa or circum, 

circlter, 

cis or citra, 

contra, 

erga, 



ACCUSATIVE AFTER PREPOSITIONS. 

410. Twenty-six prepositions are followed by the 
accusative. These are, 

extra, post, 

infra, prajter, 

inter, prope, 

intra, propter, 

juxta, secundum, 

ob, supra, 

penes, trans, 

per, ultra; as, 

pone, 

Ad templum, To the temple. Adversus hostcs, Against, the 
enemy. Cis Rkenum, This side the Rhine. Intra muros, With- 
in the walls. Penes reges, In the power of kings. 

411. In and sub, denoting tendency, are followed by 
the accusative ; denoting situation, they are followed by 
the ablative ; as, 

Via ducit in urbem, The way conducts into the city. Erer- 
coitus sub jugum missus est, The army was sent under the yoke. 
Media in urbe. In the midst of the city. Bella sub Ilidcis mce- 
nibus gerere, To wage war under the Trojan walls. 

412. Super is commonly followed by the accusative; 
but when it signifies either on or concerning, it takes 
the ablative ; as, 

Super labentem culmina tecti, Gliding over the top of the house. 
Super tcncro prosternit gramlne corpus, He stretches (his) body 
on the tender grass. Multa super Priamo rogitans super Hec- 
tare multa, .... concerning Priam, &c. 

413. Subter generally takes the accusative, but some- 
limes the ablative ; as, 

Subter terras, Under the earth. Subter densd testudine. 



410. What is the rule for the accusative after prepositions 1 

411. What is the rule for in and sub ? 

412. for super? 

413. for subter? 



108 ACCUSATIVE OF TIME, SPACE, PLACE, &,C. 

414. Clam is followed either- by the accusative or 
ablative; as, 

Clam vos, Without your knowledge. Clam patre. Clam also 
occurs with a genitive — Clam patrisj and even with a dative — 
Mihi dam est. 



ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE. 

415. Nouns denoting duration of time, or extent of 
space, are put, after other nouns and verbs, in the ac- 
cusative, and sometimes after verbs in the ablative ; as, 

Vixi annos triginta, I have lived thirty years. Annos natus 
viginti septem, Twenty-seven years old. Duas fossas quindecim 
pedes latas perduxit, He extended two ditches fifteen feet broad. 



ACCUSATIVE OF PLACE. 

416. After verbs expressing or implying motion, the 
name of the town in which the motion ends is put in 
the accusative without a preposition ; as, 

Rcgfdus CarthagTnem rediit, Regulus returned to Carthage. 
Capuam jlectit iter, He turns (his) course to Capua. 

417. Domus in both numbers, and rus in the singu- 
lar, are put in the accusative, like names of towns ; as, 

Itc domum, Go home. Rus ibo, I will go into the country. 



ACCUSATIVE AFTER INTERJECTIONS. 

418. The interjections en, ecce, O, lieu, and pro, are 
sometimes followed by the accusative ; as, 

En quatuor aras ! ecce duas tibi Daplmi I Behold four altars ! 
lo, two for thee, Daphnis ! 



414. What is the rule for clam ? 

415. — — for the accusative of time and space ? 

416. — for the accusative of place ? 

417. What other nouns are construed in the accusative like names of 
towns t 

413. What interjections are followed by the accusative ? 



VOCATIVE ABLATIVE. 109 



SUBJECT-ACCUSATIVE. 

419. The subject of the infinitive mood is put in the 
accusative ; as, 

Mulest£ Pompeium id ferre constdbat, That Pompey took that 
ill, was evident. Miror te ad me nihil scribere, I wonder that 
you do not write to me. 

VOCATIVE. 

420. The vocative is used, either with or without an 
interjection, in addressing a person or thing ; as, 

formose puer ! O beautiful boy ! Fili mi, My son. 

ABLATIVE. 

ABLATIVE AFTER PREPOSITIONS. 

421. Eleven prepositions are followed by the abla- 
tive. 

422. These are, 

a, ab, or abs, cum, palam, sine, 

absque, de, prae, tenus ; as, 

coram, e or ex, pro, 

Ab Mo tempore, From that time. A scribendo, From writing. 

Cum exercitu, With the army. Certis de causis, For certain 

reasons. Exfugd, From flight. 

423. Many verbs compounded with a, ab, abs, de, e, 
ex, and super, are followed by an ablative depending 
upon the preposition ; as, 

Abesse urbe, To be absent from the city. Detrudunt naves 
scopulo, They push the ships from the rock. 



419. What is the rule for the subject accusative ? 

420. How is the vocative used ? 

421. What is the rule for the ablative after prepositions ? 

422. What prepositions are followed by the ablative 1 

423. What prepositions in composition are sometimes followed by the 
ablative ? 

10 



110 ABLATIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS, &C. 

ABLATIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS, ADJEC- 
TIVES, A ND VERBS. 

424. Opus and usus, signifying need, are usually 
limited by the ablative ; as, 

Auctoritate tud nobis opus est, We need your authority. 
Naves, quibus proconsuli usus non esset; Ships, for which the 
proconsul had no occasion. 

425. Digitus, indignus, contentus, prceditus, and fre- 
tus, are followed by the ablative ; as, 

Dignus laude, Worthy of praise. Vox popfdi majestate in- 
digna, A speech unworthy of the dignity of the people. 

426. Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and dignor, 
are followed by the ablative ; as, 

His vocibus usa est, She used these words. Frui voluptate, 
To enjoy pleasure. Fungitur officio, He performs (his) duty. 

427. Lector, gaudeo, glorior, jacto, nitor, sto, jido, 
confido, muto, misceo, epulor, vivo, assuesco, and consto 
(to consist of,) are often followed by the ablative 
without a preposition ; as, 

Lcetor tud dignitate, I rejoice in your dignity. 

428. The ablative without a preposition is used after 
sum, to denote the situation or circumstances of the 
subject of the verb ; as, 

Tamen magno timore sum, Yet 1 am in great fear. 

429. Perfect participles denoting origin are often 
followed by the ablative of the source without a prep- 
osition ; as, 

Kate ded! O son of a goddess ! Tantdlo vrogndtus, Descend- 
ed from Tantalus. Satus Kcrelde, Sprung from a Nereid. 

424. What is the rule for opus and usus ? 

425. What is the construction of digitus, indignus, &c. ? 

42f>. of utor, fruor, &c ? 427. of' lcetor, gaudeo, &c. 7 

428. What is said of the ablative after sum 1 

429. What is the rule for the ablative of source ? 



ABLATIVE OF CAUSE, &C. Ill 



ABLATIVE OF CAUSE, &C. 

430. Nouns denoting the cause, manner, means, and 
instrument, after adjectives and verbs, are put in the 
ablative without a preposition ; as, 

Animus cpger avaritia, A mind diseased through avarice. 
Omnibus modis miser sum, I am every way miserable. Silentio 
auditus est, He was heard in silence. Trabs saucia securi, A 
tree cut with the axe. 

431. The voluntary agent of a verb in the passive 
voice is put in the ablative with a or ab ; as, 

(In the active voice.) Clodius me dillgit, Clodius loves me ; 
(in the passive,) A Clodio diligor, I am loved by Clodius, 

432. A noun denoting that with which the action of 
a verb is performed, though not the instrument, is put 
in the ablative without a preposition; as, 

Instruxere epulis menstis, They furnished the tables with food. 
Naves onerant auro, They load the ships with gold. Cumulat 
altaria donis, He heaps the altars with gifts. Terra se gramme 
vestit, The earth clothes itself with grass. 

433. A noun denoting that in accordance with which 
any thing is, or is done, is often put in the ablative 
without a preposition ; as, 

Nostro more, According to our custom. Institute svo Caisar 
coj)ias suas eduxit ; Csesar, according to his practice, led out his 
forces. 

434. The ablative denoting accompaniment, is usu- 
ally joined with cum >• as, 

Vagdmur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis ; Needy, we wan- 
der with (our) wives and children. 



430. What is the rule for the ablative of cause, &c. ? 

431. for the voluntary agent of a verb in the passive voice ? 

43*2. for the noun denoting that with which the action of the verb 

is performed ? 

4,33. for the ablative of accordance ? 

434. for the ablative of accompaniment ? 



112 ABLATIVE OF PRICE. 

435. A noun, adjective, or verb, may be followed by 
the ablative, denoting in what respect their signification 
is taken ; as, 

Pietdtejilius, consiliis parens ; In affection a son, in counsel a 
parent. Reges nomine magis quam imperio, Kings in name 
rather than in authority. Jure peritus, Skilled in law. Anxiua 
animo, Anxious in mind. Pedlbus cegcr, Lame in his feet. 

Remark. — To this principle maybe referred the following 
rules : — 

436. I. Adjectives of plenty or want are sometimes 
limited by the ablative ; as, 

Domus plena servis, A house fall of servants. Dives agris 
Rich in land. Inops verbis, Deficient in words. Orbafratribus, 
Destitute of brothers. 

437. II. Verbs signifying to abound, and to be 
destitute, are followed by the ablative ; as, 

Scatcntem belluis pontum, The sea abounding in monsters. 
Urbs redundat militlbus, The city is full of soldiers. 

438. A noun denoting that of which any thing is 
deprived, or from which it is separated, is often put in 
the ablative without a preposition ; as, 

Kudantur arbores foliis, The trees are stripped of leaves. Hoc 
me libera metu, Free me from this fear. 



ABLATIVE OF PRICE. 

439. The price of a thing is put in the ablative, 
except when expressed by the adjectives tanti, quanti, 
pluris, minoris ; as, 

Vendldit hie auro patriam, This one sold (his) country for 
gold. 



435. What is the rule for the ablative denoting in what respect ? 

436. for adjectives of plenty or want ? 

437. for verbs signifying to abound and to be destitute? 

433. for a noun denoting that of which any thing is deprived ? 

439. for the ablative of price ? 



ABLATIVE AFTER COMPARATIVES. 113 



ABLATIVE OF TIME. 

440. A noun denoting the time at or within which 
any thing is said to be, or to be done, is put in the 
ablative without a preposition ; as, 

Die quinto decessit, He died on the fifth day. Hoc tempore, 
At this time. 

ABLATIVE OF PLACE. 

441. The name of a town in which any thing is said 
to be, or to be done, if of the third declension or plural 
number, is put in the ablative without a preposition ; 
as, 

Alexander Babylone est mortuus, Alexander died at Babylon. 
Thebis nutritus an Argis, Whether brought up at Thebes or at 
Argos. 

442. After verbs expressing or implying motion, the 
name of a town .whence the motion proceeds, is put in 
the ablative, without a preposition ; as, 

Brundisio profecti sumus, We departed from Brundisium. Co- 
rintho arcessivii colonos, He sent for colonists from Corinth. 

443. The ablatives domo, humo, and rure or ruri, 
are used in the ablative, like names of towns ; as, 

Pater filium ruri habitare jussit, The father ordered the son to 
reside in the country. Domo profectus, Having set out from 
home. Surgit humo juvenis, The youth rises from the ground 

ABLATIVE A*FTER COMPARATIVES. 

444. The comparative degree is followed by the 
ablative, when quam is omitted ; as, 

440. What is the rule for the ablative of time ? 

441. for the ablative of place 1 

4-12. for the ablative after verbs expressing- or implying motion ? 

443. What other names of places are used in the same manner ? 

444. What case follows the comparative degree when quam is 
omitted ? 

10* 



1 14 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 

Nihil est virtu te form osius, Nothing is more beautiful than vir- 
tue. Quis C. Laelio comior ? Who (is) more courteous than C. 

Lrelius ? 

445. Plus, minus, and amplius, are often used 
without qudm, and yet are commonly followed by the 
same case as if it were expressed ; as, 

Hostium plus quinque millia ccesi eo die, More than five thou- 
sand of the enemy were slain that day. 

446. The degree of difference between objects com- 
pared is expressed by the ablative ; as, 

Minor uno mense, Younger by one month. Quanto sumus 
superior es, tanto nos submissius geramus ; The more eminent we 
are, the more humbly let us conduct ourselves. 



ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 

447. A noun and a participle are put in the ablative, 
called absolute, to denote the time, cause, or concomitant 
of an action, or the condition on which it depends ; as, 

Pythagoras, Tarquinio Superbo regnante, in Italiam venit; 
Tarquinius Superbus reigning, Pythagoras came into Italy. Lu- 
pus, stimulante fame, captat ovile ; Hunger inciting, the wolf 
seeks the fold. 

448. A noun is put in the ablative absolute only 
when it denotes a different person or thing from any in 
the leading clause. 

449. As the verb sum has no present participle, two 
nouns, or a noun and an adjective, are put in the ab- 
lative absolute without a participlfe ; as, 

Quid, adolescentulo duce, efficere possent ; What they could 
do, a youth (being) their leader. Romam venit, Mario consule ; 
He came to Rome in the consulship of Marius. 

445. What is the construction of plus, minus, and amplius ? 

446. How is degree of difference expressed 1 

447. What is the rule for the ablative absolute ? 

448. What limitation is there in the use of the ablative absolute ? 

449. What construction arises from the want of a present participle of 
the verb sum ? 



SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER PARTICLES. 1 15 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

450. The subjunctive is used to express what is 
contingent or hypothetical, including possibility, power, 
liberty , will, duty, and desire. 

451. The present subjunctive is often used to express 
a wish, an exhortation, a request, a command, or a 
permission ; as, 

jYe sitn sal-ens, May 1 perish, hi media arma ruamus, Let us 
rush into the midst of arms. Ne me attingas, Do not touch me. 
Faciat quod lubct. Let him do what he pleases. 



SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER PARTICLES. 

452. A clause denoting the purpose, object, or result 
of a preceding proposition, takes the subjunctive after 
ut, he, quo, qurn, and quominus ; as, 

Ea, non ut te instituerem, scrijisi ; I did not write that in or- 
der to instruct you. Irritant ad pugnandum, quo riant acriores ; 
They stimulate them to fight, that they may become fiercer. 

453. Ut is often omitted before the subjunctive, 
after verbs denoting icillingness, or permission, asking, 
advising, &/C 

454. The subjunctive is used after particles of 
wishing ;. as, utinam, uti, and O ! si ; as, 

Utinam minus vital cwpidi fuissemus ! O that we had been less 
attached to life ! 

455. Quamvis, however ; licet, although ; tanquam, 
quasi, ac si, ut si, velut si, veluti, and ceu, as if; modb, 



4-50. How is the subjunctive used ? 

451. How is the present subjunctive often used? 

452. What is the general rule for the subjunctive after particles t 

453. After what classes of verbs is id omitted ? 

454. What is the rule for particles of wishing ? 

455. — — for quamvis, &c. ? 



UG SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER QUI. 

durrty and dummodo, provided, — take the subjunctive ; 
as, 

Quamvis ille felix sit, However happy he may be. Veritas 
licet nullum defensorem obtineat, Though truth should obtain no 
defender. 

456. After antequam and priusquam, the imperfect 
and pluperfect tenses are usually in the subjunctive; 
the present and perfect may be either in the indicative 
or subjunctive ; as, 

Ea causa ante mortua est, quam tu natus esses ; That cause 
was dead before you were born. 

457. Dum, donee, and quoad, signifying until, are 
followed by the subjunctive, if they refer to the attain- 
ment of an object ; as, 

Dum hie veniret, locum relinquere noluit ; He was unwilling 
to leave the place until he (Milo) should come. 

458. Quum, or cum, when it signifies a relation of 
time, takes the indicative ; when it denotes a connection 
of thought, the subjunctive ; as, 

Cum est allatum ad nos, graviter commotus sum ; When it 
was reported to us, I was greatly moved. 

459. In narration, quum is usually joined with the 
imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive, even when it re- 
lates to time. 



SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER QUI. 

460. When the relative qui is equivalent to ut with 
a personal or demonstrative pronoun, it takes the sub- 
junctive ; as, 



456*. What is the rule for antequam and priusquam 1 

457. for dum, donee, and quoad ? 

458. for quum ? 

459. for quum in narration ? 

460. for the relative qui when it is equivalent to ut, &c. 1 



SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER QUI. 117 

Quis est tarn LyncZus, qui in tantis tenebris nihil offendat ? 
i. e. ut in tantis, &c. ; Who is so quick-sighted that he would not 
stumble in such darkness ? or, — as not to stumble — ? 

461. Qui is thus used after tarn, adeo, tanius, talis, 
or is, istc, ille, or hie, in the sense of talis. 

462. When the relative is equivalent to quanquam 
is, etsi is, or dummodo is, it takes the subjunctive ; as, 

Laco consilii quamvis egregii, quod non ipse afferret, inimlcus; 
Laco, an opponent of any measure, however excellent, provided 
he did not himself propose it. 

463. Quod, in restrictive clauses, takes the sub- 
junctive ; as, 

Quod sine molestid tud fiat, So far as it can be done without 
troubling you. Scstius non venerat, quod- sciam; Sestius had 
not arrived, so far as I know. 

464. The relative after the comparative followed by 
qudm, takes the subjunctive ; as, 

Major sum qudm cui possit fortuna nocere, i. e. quam ut mihi, 
&c. ; I am too great for fortune to be able to injure me. 

465. A relative clause expressing a purpose or mo- 
tive, and equivalent to ut with a demonstrative, takes 
the subjunctive ; as, 

Lacedcemonii legdtos Athcnas miserunt, qui eum absentem ac- 
cusarent ; — to accuse him in his absence. 

466. A relative clause after an indefinite general 
expression takes the subjunctive ; as, 

Fuerunt ed tempestdte, qui dicerent ; There were some, at that 
time, who said : or, some at that time said. 

The expressions included in the rule are est,simt, adest, prasto 
sunt, existunt, exoriuntur, inveniuntur , reperiuntur, si quis est, 
tempus fuit, tempus veniet, <fcc. 

461. After what words is qui thus used ? 

462. What is the rule when the relative is equivalent to quanquam 
is &c. ? 

4o3. What is the rule for quod in restrictive clauses ? 

464. —lor the relative after the comparative followed by quam? 

465. for the relative clause expressing 1 a purpose or motive? 

466. for the relative clause after an indefinite general expression ? 



118 SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS. 

4G7. A relative clause after a general negative, or 
an interrogative expression implying a negative, takes 
the subjunctive ; as, 

Nemo est, qui hand intellirrat ; There is no one who does not 
understand. Ouis est, qui utilia fugiat ? Who is there that 
shuns what is useful ? 

468. A relative clause expressing the reason of what 
goes before takes the subjunctive^ as, 

Peccavisse mild videor, qui a te discesserim ; 1 think I have 
erred in having left you. 

469. A relative clause after dignus, indignus, aptus, 
and idonens, takes the subjunctive ; as, 

Videtur, qui aliquando imperet, dignus esse ; He seems to be 
worthy at some time to command. 

470. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are 
used in narration after relative pronouns and adverbs, 
when a repeated action is spoken of; as, 

Semper habiti xuntfortisslmi, qui summam imperii potirentur ; 
Those have always been considered the bravest, who obtained 
the supreme dominion. t 



SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS. 

471. Dependent clauses containing an indirect ques- 
tion take the subjunctive ; as, 

Qualis sit animus, ipse animus nescit ; The mind itself knows 
not what the mind is. Quis ego sim, merogltas? Do you ask me 
who I am ? Nee quid scribam, kabeo ; Nor have I any thing to 
write. 



467. What is the nile for the relative clause after a general negative ? 

468. for a relative clause expressing the reason of what goes 

Defore 1 

46*9. for a relative clause after dig-niis, &c. ? 

470. for the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive in nar-atioa 

after relative words ? 

471. for dependent clauses containing an indirect question ? 



SUBJ. IN INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. 119 

% 

SUBJUNCTIVE IN INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. 

472. A verb is put in the subjunctive, when the 
clause in which it stands is connected, as an essential 
part, to another clause, whose verb is in the subjunc- 
tive, or in the infinitive with the accusative ; as, 

Quid enim potest esse tarn perspicuum, quam esse aliquod nu- 
men, quo kcec regantur f For what can be so clear as that there is 
some divinity by whom these tilings are governed ? Audiam 
quid sit, quod Epicurum won, probes ; I shall hear why it is that 
/ou do not approve of Epicurus. 

473. In the oratio obliqua, the main proposition is 
expressed by the accusative with the infinitive ; and 
dependent clauses., connected with it by relatives and 
particles, take the subjunctive ; as, 

Socrates dicerc solebat, omnes, in eo quod scirent, satis esse elo- 
quentes ; Socrates was accustomed to say. that all were sufficient- 
ly eloquent in that w r hich they understood. 

474. A clause connected with another by a relative 
or causal conjunction takes the subjunctive, whatever be 
the mood of the preceding verb, when it contains not 
the sentiment or allegation of the writer, but that of 
some other person alluded to ; as, 

Socrates accusatus est, quod conumpeTet juventiitem ; Socrates 
was accused, because (as was alleged) he corrupted the youth 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

475. The infinitive, either with or without a subject- 
accusative, may be the subject of a verb ; as, 

JVunquam est utile peccdre, To do wrong is never useful. 



472. What is the rule for the subjunctive in intermediate clauses 7 

473. for the moods in oratio obliqua 1 

474. for a clause containing not the sentiment of the writer, but 

that of some other person ? 

475. — for the infinitive as a subject ? 



120 PARTICIPLES. 

476. The infinitive, either with or without a subject- 
accusative, may depend upon a verb ; as, 

Spero te valere, I hope that you are well. 

477. The infinitive alone may also depend upon an 
adjective, and sometimes upon a noun ; as, 

Digitus amdri, Worthy to be loved. Tempus est hujus libri 
facerejinem, It is time to finish this book. 

478. The infinitive without a subject is only used 
after certain verbs, especially such as denote desire, 
ability, intention, or endeavor ; as, 

Hcbc vitdre cupimus, These things we desire to avoid. 

479. The infinitive with the accusative depends on 
verbs and phrases which denote either the exercise of 
the senses, or intellectual powers, or the communication 
of thought to others; as, 

Videbat id sine rege Persdrvm non posse fieri, He saw that 
that could not be done without the aid of the king of the Per- 
sians. Credunt se negligi, They believe themselves to be 
neglected. 

479 J. The infinitive with the accusative is some- 
times translated by a similar form, but usually either by 
the indicative or potential ; as, 

Te tud virtute frui cuplmus, We wish you to enjoy, or, — 
that you may enjoy — •. 

PARTICIPLES 

480. Participles are followed by the same cases as 
their verbs ; as, 



476. Upon what may the infinitive depend ? 

477. Upon what else may the infinitive alone depend ? 

478. After what verbs is the infinitive without a subject used ? 

479. Upon what kinds of verbs does the infinitive with the accusative 
depend 7 

479J. How is the infinitive with the accusative translated ? 

480. By what cases are participles followed 7 



GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES. , 121 

Quidam, poeta nommatus ; A certain one, called a poet. 
Catulorum oblita lecena, The lioness forgetful of her whelps. 
Tendens palmaS, Extending (his) hands. 

481. The future active participle often denotes in- 
tention or purpose ; as, 

Pergit consulturus, He goes to consult. 

482. The participle in das, when agreeing with the 
subject of a sentence, has the signification of necessity 
or propriety ; as, 

Is venerandus a nobis est, He should be worshipped by us. 
Delenda est Carthago, Carthage must be destroyed. 



GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES. 

i 

483. Gerunds are followed by the same cases as 

their verbs ; as, 

Metus parendi sibi, Fear of obeying him. Parcendo victis, 
By sparing the vanquished. 

484. The participle in dus is called a gerundive 
when it is used instead of a gerund. 

485. The genitive of gerunds and gerundives may 
follow either nouns or adjectives ; as, 

Amor kabendi, The love of possessing: Insuetus navigandi^ 
Unaccustomed to navigating. 

486. The dative of gerunds and gerundives is used 
especially after adjectives signifying usefulness or fit- 
ness ; and also after verbs to denote a purpose ; as, 

Charta inutilis scribendo. Taper not useful for writing. Lo- 

481. What does the future active participle often denote ? 

482. What meaning - has the participle in dus, when agreeing with the 
subject of a sentence ? 

483. By what cases are gerunds followed ? 

484. When is the participle in dus called a gerundive ? 

485. What is the rule for the genitive of gerunds and gerundives ? 

486. — for the dative of gerunds and gerundives 1 



122 SUPINES. 

cum oppldo condendo caplrc, To choose a place for building a 
town. 

487. The accusative of gerunds and gerundives fol- 
lows the prepositions ad or inter, and sometimes ante, 
circa, or ob ; as, 

Ad poenitendum properat, He makes haste to repentance. 
Inter bibendum, While drinking. 

488. The ablative of gerunds and gerundives follows 
the prepositions a, ab f de, e, ex, or in ; or it is used 
without a preposition as the ablative of cause, manner , 
means, or instrument ; as, 

A scribendo, From writing. Crescit cundo, It increases by 
going. 

SUPINES. 

489. Supines in urn are followed by the same cases 
as their verbs ; as, 

EurypyJum scitacum oracufa P hah i mittimus, We send Eurypy* 
lus to consult the oracle of Apolio. 

490. Supines in urn follow verbs of motion, and serve 
to denote the purpose of the motion ; as, 

Te admonltum venio, I come to admonish you. 

491. The supine in u is used to limit the meaning 
of adjectives signifying wonderful, agreeable, easy or 
difficult, worthy or unworthy, honorable or base, and a 
few others ; as, 

Mirabile dictu! Wonderful to tell, or to be told ! 



487. What is the rule for the accusative of gerunds and gerundives 1 

488. for the ablative of gerunds and gerundives ? 

489. By what cases are supines in urn followed ? 

490. What do supines in um follow 1 

491. With what classes of adjectives is the supine in u used 1 



ADVERBS CONJUNCTIONS ARRANGEMENT. 123 

492. The supine in u is used also after the nouns 
fas, ncfas, and opus ; as, 

Nefas dictu ! Shameful to relate ! 



ADVERBS. 

493. Adverbs modify or limit the meaning of verbs, 
adjectives, and sometimes of other adverbs ; as, 

Bene mones, You advise well. Fortissimo urgcntes, Most 
vigorously pressing on. Longe dissimllis, Far different. Valdt 
bene, Very well. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 

494. Copulative and disjunctive conjunctions, and 
some others, connect words which are in the same 
construction ; as, 

Pulvis et umbra sumus, We are dust and shade. Clarus et 
honoratus vir, An illustrious and honorable man. Cum ad oppi- 
dum accesi ; sset, castraque ibi ponlret ; When he had approached 
the town, and was pitching his camp there. 



ARRANGEMENT. 

495. In a Latin sentence, after connectives, are 
placed, first, the subject and its modifiers ; then the 
oblique cases, and other words which depend upon or 
modify the verb ; and last of all, the verb. 

496. Connectives generally stand at the beginning 
of a clause. 



492. After what nouns is the supine in u used ? 

493. What is the rule for the construction of adverbs ? 

494. for copulative and disjunctive conjunctions ? 

495. What is the order of words in a Latin seutence ? 

49G. Where do connectives stand '\ 



124 ARRANGEMENT. 

1 

497. Oblique cases precede the words upon which 
they depend, but they follow prepositions. 

498. Infinitives precede the verbs upon which they 
depend. 

499. Relatives are commonly placed after their an- 
tecedents, and as near to them as possible. 

500. The emphatic word is placed before the word 
or words connected with it. 

497. Where do oblique cases stand ? 

498. Where do infinitives stand ? 

499. Where are relatives placed ? 

500. Where is the emphatic word placed ? 



ANALYSIS AND PARSING. 



The following are examples of analysis and parsing, 
according to the principles of the preceding Gram- 
mar. 

1. Tempus veniet. The time will come. 
ANALYSIS. 

This is a simple* sentence. Its subject 5 is tempus ; 
its predicate is venict. 



Tempus is a common* noun, e of the third-' declen- 
sion, neuter* gender ;.* [Decline it, 91.] in the singular 4 
number, and is nominative^ to veniet. 

Veniet is a neuter* verb/ of the fourth™ conjugation. 
[Repeat the principal parts, as found in the dictionary.] 
It is formed in the active" voice, from the first 7 * root, 
[Repeat the parts formed from this root, as in audio. q ] 
in the indicative r mood* future' tense," [Repeat the 
persons* of this tense.] third person" singular* num- 
ber/ agreeing with tempus. [Repeat the rule, 363.] 

a 339. / 90. k 224. p 25-2. u 234. 

J 334. ,0-99. I 217. q 283. v 273. 

e335. A 113. w250. r 230. w 245. 

d46. i 56. n 222. s 298. x 244. 

1 43. j 59. 9 221. t 238. y 243. 

11* 



126 



ANALYSIS AND PARSING. 



The paragraphs of the Grammar, to which refer- 
ence is made at the foot of the page, should be re- 
peated in similar cases by the learner, until their ap- 
plication is familiar. In the following examples, when 
the same references might have been made, they are 
often left to be supplied by the student. 

2. Sola laurus fulmtne non icitur, The laurel alone is not 
struck by lightning. 

ANALYSIS. 

This is a simple sentence. 

Its logical" subject is sola laurus, the laurel alone. 
Its grammatical* subject is laurus, the laurel. 
Its logical 6 predicate is fulmine non icitur, is not 
struck by lightning. 

Its grammatical 6 predicate is icitur, is struck. 

PARSING. 

Sola is an adjective, of the feminine 6 gender, from 
solus d of the first and second declensions, [Decline it 
in the feminine gender. 6 ] in the singular number, 
nominative case, agreeing with laurus. [Repeat the 
rule, 350.] 

Laurus is a common noun, of the second 7 declen- 
sion, feminine" gender, [Decline it.] in the nominative 
case to icitur. 

Fulmine is a common noun, of the third 71 declen- 
sion, neuter 4 gender, [Decline it/] in the singular 
number, ablative case after icitur. [Repeat the rule, 
430.] 

Non is an adverb modifying icitur. k 

Icitur is an active verb, of the third conjugation. 



a 336. 


dl36. 


6 337. 


e 144. 


cl37. 


/84. 



^52. 


j 91. 


h 90. 


&493 


i 99. 





ANALYSIS AND PARSING. 127 

[Repeat its principal parts.] It is formed in the pas- 
sive voice, from the first root ; [Repeat the parts 
formed from this root. a ] in the indicative mood, present 
tense, [Repeat the persons. 6 ] third person, singular, 
agreeing with laurus. [Repeat the rule, 363.] 



3. Urbs, quam Romulus condidit, vocabatur Roma; The city 
which Romulus built was called Rome. 

ANALYSIS. 

This is a compound sentence, consisting of two 
propositions. 1. Urbs vocabatur Roma, the city was 
called Rome. 2. Quam Romulus condidit, which 
Romulus built. 

In the first proposition, urbs is the grammatical sub- 
ject, and urbs limited by the relative clause, (quam 
Romulus condidit,) is the logical subject. In the 
second, or relative clause, Romulus is the subject, 
condidit the grammatical, and quam condidit the logical 
predicate. 

TARSING. 

Urbs is a common noun, of the third declension, 
feminine gender, [Decline it.] in the nominative case 
to vocabatur. 

Quam is a relative** pronoun, of the feminine gen- 
der, from qui, qua, quod, agreeing with its antecedent 
urbs, [Repeat the rule, 360,] [Decline it in the femi- 
nine. 6 ] in the accusative after condidit. [Repeat the 
rule, 399.] 

Romulus is a proper'" noun, of the second declen- 
sion, masculine 3, gender, [Decline it.] in the nominative 
case to condidit. 

Condidit is an active verb, of the third conjugation. 
[Repeat the principal parts.] It is formed in the ac- 

I a 275. 6 273. c 95. d 199. e 201. / 45. ^ 51 



128 ANALYSIS AND PARSING. 

tive voice, from the second root, [Repeat the parts 
formed from this root. a ] in the indicative mood, per- 
fect indefinite 6 tense, [Repeat the persons.] third 
person, singular, agreeing with Romulus. [Repeat 
the rule, 363.] 

Vocahatur is an active verb, of the first conjuga- 
tion. [Repeat the principal parts.] It is formed in 
the passive voice, from the first root, [Repeat the parts 
formed from this root.] in the indicative mood, imper- 
fect tense, [Repeat the persons of this tense.] third 
person, singular, agreeing with urbs. [Rule.] 

Roma is a proper noun, of the first declension, femi- 
nine gender, [Decline it.] in the nominative case 
after vocahatur. [Repeat the rule, 371.] 

4. " Tui me miseret," aiebat testudTni 

Lacerta, " quae, quocunque libeat vadere, 
Tuam ipsa tecum ferre cogaris domum." 

ANALYSIS. 

This sentence consists of four propositions. 1. Tui 
me miseret, I pity you. 2. Aiebat testudini lacerta, 
said a lizard to a tortoise. 3. Quce tuam ipsa tecum 
ferre cogaris domum, w r ho are compelled to carry your 
house with you. 4. Quocunque libeat vadere, whither- 
soever it pleases (you) to go. 

These propositions are to be analyzed and parsed 
like the preceding ; but in the first, the subject is want- 
ing, and in the fourth, it consists of the infinitive vadere. 
The impersonal verb miseret is here translated in such 
a manner that the pronoun me, depending upon it, ap- 
pears in English as its subject, instead of the pronoun 
it. It might, though less properly, have been trans- 
lated, " it pities." The other impersonal verbs men- 
tioned in 401 are usually translated in the same manner. 

a 275 b 239 & 240. e 52 



EXERCISES IN LATIN SYNTAX. 



NOMINATIVE. 



See 363. 



Latin to be translated into English. 



Ego lego. a 
Tu vocas. 6 
Ule videt. c 
Nos scribimus. 
Vos curritis. 
Illi audiunt/ 
Canebam.* 
Ludebas. 
Aquila volabat. 
Dormiebamus. 
Metuebatis. 
Stellae fulgebant. 
Habebo/ 



Plorabis. 
Tempus veniet. 
J u ssi m us/ 
Studuistis. 
Hostes vicerunt. 
Hora venerat/ 
Canes momorderant. 
Videro.' 
Faveat fortuna/ 
Dies surgat. 
Poma pendeant. 
Discipuli discerent.* 
Domus steterit. 



English to be translated into Latin. 



The king rules. 
The day passes. 
Virtues adorn. 
Reason advises. 
Thou wast playing. 
The stars were shining. 
The sun will shine. 
The swallows will come. 
lie has taught. 



Rex rego. a 
Dies prretereo. 
Virtus orno. 6 
Ratio moneo. e 
Tu ludo.' 
Stella fulgeo. 
Sol hi ceo/ 
Hirundo venio. 
Ule doceo/ 



a 273. 
6 263. 



c 2f>9. 
d281. 



e 237 & 3C4. 
/238. 



rr 239. 

h 241. 



i 242. 
j 451. 



*231 



130 



EXERCISES. 



•NOMINATIVE. 



See 3G3. 



Latin into English. 



Laudor." 
Doceris.* 
Vox audltur/ 
Monemur. 
Culpamini. 
Tempora mutantur. 
OppTduin defendebatur. 
Bella parabantur. 
Domus nedificabitur. 
Praemia dabuntur. 
Epistola mittetur. 
Data? sunt leges. 
Naves mersae sunt. 



Missi erimus. 
Vinum bibitum erit 
Panis ematur/ 
Pecunia solvatur.* 
Premeretur caseus. 
Tegeretur caput. 
Sylvae habitatse sint. 
Victus sit miles. 
Urbes spoliatae sint 
Amicus inventus esset. 
Hostes capti essent. 
Arces condTtae essent. 
Boves immolantur. 



English into Latin. 



A shout is heard. 


Clamor audio. 


The ships are tossed. 


Navis jacto. 


The sailors are preserved. 


Nauta servo. 


The gates were opening. 


Porta pando.' 


The dog was barking. 


Can is latro. 


The letter has been sent. 


Epistola mitto. 


Gaul was conquered. 


Gallia vinco. 


The Helvetians were slain. 


Ilelvetii caedo. 


Shouts had been heard. 


Clamor audio. 


The poems may be read. 


Carmen lego. 


Let letters be written. 


Literae scribo. 


The law is established. 


Lex constituo. 


Carthage was destroyed. 


Deleo Carthago. 


The senate has been con- 


Senatus convoco. 


vened. 




a 204 & 364. 


c 281. e 237. 


£269 » 


<J451. 



EXERCISES. ADJECTIVE. 



131 



See 350 & 363. 



Latin into English. 



Fugit invlda aetas. 
Vera virtus nobilltat. 
Litera scripta manet. 
Ver erat aeternum. 
Voluptas nimia nocet. 
Nix alta jacet. 
AnTma immortalis est. 
Mora nonnuta est. 
Frigida nox fuit. 
Iter tutum non fuit. 
Dulcis est libertas. 
JEstas torrida venerat 
Dies fuisset serena 
Bonus puer discit. 



TimTdi lepores fugiunt. 
Veloces canes sequuntur. 
Fessus viator sedebat. 
Meus equus fatigatur. 
Boni auctores leguntur. 
Superbi homines cadunt. 
Mors est certa. 
Humana consilia cadunt. 
Altae turres cadent. 
Humiles casae stabunt. 
Tui fratres laudati sunt. 
Celer equus vincet. 
Nemus omne virebit. 
Bellum exitiosum impendet 



English into Latin. 



Men are mortal. 
My friends are dear. 
My eyes are deceived. 
The rainbow is described. 
Our gardens are pleasant. 

The war was destructive. 

The ripe apples fell. 

The great pine is shaken. 

The father and mother are 
dead. 

The conscript fathers had 
assembled. 

Your liberty has been tak- 
en away. 

Human counsels have fail- 
ed. 



Homo sum mortalis. 
Meus amicus sum cams. 
Meus ociilus fallo. 
Pluvius arcus descrlbo. 
Noster hortus sum amce- 

nus. 
Bellum sum exitiosus. 
Mitis pomum cado. 
AgTto ingens pinus. 
Pater et 6 mater sum c mortu 

us. d 
Pater conscriptus convenio 

Vester libertas sustollo. 

Humanus consilium cado. 



• 493. 



b 494 



c367 



*35L 



132 EXERCISES. GENITIVE. 

See 372. 

Latin into English. 

Juno Jovis conjux* erat. 

Helena causa a fuit belli Trojani. 

Scipio fudit Annibalis copias.-f 

Invidia gloriae comes" est. 

Pan deus Arcadioe erat. 

Nisus fuit portae custos. 

Ventorum pater regit navem. 

Miles timet sagittam hostis. 

Neptunus erat numen aquarum. 

Canis leporis vestigia sequitur. 6 

Omnium rerum principia parva sunt. 

Mors omnium malorum sensum adimit. 

Jucunda est memoria praeteritorum malorum 

Calamitas virtutis occasio est. 

English into Latin. 



Mercury was the messen- 


Mercurius^ sura c uuncius 


ger of Jupiter. 
The examples of others 


Jupiter. 
Alius exemplum ego com- 


admonish us. 


moneo. 


The shades allay the heat 


Vis sol umbra levo. 


of the sun. 




Crcesus was king of the 


Rex Lydus Croesus sum. c 


Lydians. 
Necessity is the mother of 


Mater ars sum necessitas. 


the arts. 




The consent of all (men) 


Consensus omnis d sum vox 


is the voice of reason. 


ratio. 


The glory of virtue con- 


Laus virtus consisto in ac- 


sists in action. 


tio/ 


a 371. c 237. e 411. 
6 226. d356. /399. 

^88. 



EXERCISES. GENITIVE. 



133 



See 378 & 3T7. 



Latin into English. 

Tempus edax rerum est. 
Est natura homlnis novitatis avida. 
Animus futuri anxius calamitosus est. 
Nescia est mens homlnis fati sortisque futurae. 
Plerlque* sunt cupidi rerum novarum. 
Laudis avidi semper fuimus. 
Cicero glorise nimis avidus erat. 
Non es prodigus auri. 
Vive memor senectutis et mortis. 
Auri avidissima gens erat. 
Este memores rerum humanarum. 
Quaedam animalia sunt lucis timida. 
Theophrastus elegantissimus philosophorum erat. 
Tarquinius Super bus regum Romanorum septtmus 
fuit. 

English into Latin. 



The Gauls are very fond 

of novelty. 
Epaminondas was skilled 

in music. 
The Roman soldiers were 

patient of cold and hun- 
ger. 
Posterity will be mindful 

of this thing. 
Good (men) are mindful 

of benefits. 
The Greeks are more fond 

of controversy than of 

truth. 
They were not mindful of 

your merit. 

a 356. 



Gallus avidus 6 novitas sum. 

Epaminondas musica pe- 

ritus sum. 
Miles Romanus algor et 

fames patiens sum. 

Posterltas sum hie res me- 
mor. 

Bonus beneficium memor 
sum. 

Graecus sum cupldus con- 
tentio quam Veritas. 

Non memor sum virtus 
tuus. 

h sup. 



134 



EXERCISES. GENITIVE. 



Sec 375, 376, 379, <& 380. 

Latin into English. 

Puer ingenui pudoris amabitur. 
Archimedes, vir magni ingenii, caesus est. 
Miltiades regise auctoritatis erat. 
Consul ipse parvo ammo et pravo fuit. 
Homines infima fortuna delectantur historian 
Erat ipse immani acerbaque natura Oppianicus. 
Turranius fait homo summa integritate. 
Milo est incredibili robore ammi. 
Est fortis hominis non perturbari in rebus asperis. 
Statuere 6 qui sit c sapiens, est sapientis/ 
Arbitror vix ejus fuisse tantam rem suscipere. 
Domum pluris quam fortunam tuam sestimasti/ 
Postumus suam auctoritatem magni gestimat. 
Miserere domus labentis. 



English into Latin, 



They are men of the best 

disposition, and of the 

greatest wisdom. 
The little ant is of great 

labor. 
It is the mark of a poor 

(man) to count (his) 

flock. 
Corn was not of so much 

value as he reckoned. 
I sell at no higher price 

than others. 
I am ashamed of (my) 

brother. 



Vir sum bonus animus 
superus consilium. 

Parvulus formica magnus 

labor sum. 
Sum pauper numero pe- 

cus. 

Frumentum tantus non 
sum,quantus iste sestimo. 

Non plus quam ceterus 
vendo. 

Frater' ego r pudet. 



a 430. 
b 475. 



c 471. 
4 356. 



e 253, N. 
/ 362£. 



g 401. 



EXERCISES. GENITIVE. 135 

See 382—388. 

Latin into English 

Datae fidei* reminiscTtur. 6 

Recordare tempus illud. 

Caium Verrem insimulat 6 avaritiae et audaciae. 

Publius Sextius damnatus est ambitus. 

Meipsum inertias condemno. 

Res adversae homines religionis admonent. 

Admonebat 6 ilium egestatis suae. 

Omnium refert vitium fugere. c 

Tua et mea maxTme interest. 

Dionysius Corinthi pueros docebat. 

Me literarum expectatio ThessalonTcae tenet. 

Hercules, Jovis et Asteriae filius, Tyri maxTme colltur. 

Parvi sunt foris arma, nisi est consilium domi. 

Cadmus spargit humi jussos dentes. 

English into Latin. 

You direct me to forget Jubeg ego obliviscor ma- 
evils, lum. 

Nor have I forgotten your Nee obliviscor tuus literae. 
letter. 

They accused the centu- Centurio d avaritia insim- 

rions of avarice. iilo. 

This ring reminded me of Ilic anniilus commoneo 

Piso. ego Piso. 

Nothing is done in peace, Nihil domus, nihil militia 

nothing in war, without gero sine augur auctori- 

the authority of the au- tas. 
g'irs. 

Paulus iEmilius went to Paulus iEmilius Lebadia 

the temple of Jupiter templum Jupiter Tro- 

Trophonius at Lebadia. phonius adeo. 

a 362£. b Supply tile. c 475. d 399 



136 EXERCISES. DATIVE. 

See 389 & 374. 

Latin into English. 

Vivo carus amlcis." 
Quam es similis patri !° 
Nil mortallbus arduum est. 
Fidelissimi 6 hommi sunt c canis atque equus. 
Antonius Galliam d sibi infestam* cognovit. 
Omni aetati mors est communis. 
Ennio sequalis fuit Livius poeta. 
Canis similis lupo est. 

Tullus Hostilius proximo regi dissimilis fuit. 
Omnis voluptas honestati est contraria. 
Publilius dictator-^ leges secundissimas plebi, adversas 
nobilitati tulit. > 

Natura tu illi pater es, consiliis ego. 
duis huic rei testis est ? 

English into Latin. 

The son will be lil^ the Filius pater similis sum. 

father. 

Disgust is nearly allied to Voluptas magnus fastidium 

the greatest pleasures. finitimus sum. 

The nation is hostile to me. Gens ego inimicus sum. 

Romulus was more agree- Romulus multitudo gratus 

able to the multitude sum, quam pater. 

than to the senators. 

Publius Africanus went as Publius Africanus legatus 

lieutenant to his brother. frater profectus sum. 

A soldier neglected the Miles signum receptus neg- 

signal for retreat. llgo. 
Demochares was sister's Demochares sum Demos- 
son to Demosthenes. thenes soror filius. 
Rome is the capital of It- Roma caput Latium sum. 

aly. 

a 362|. b 351. c 367. d 419 e Supply esse. f 347 



EXERCISES. DATIVE. l37 

See 390 & 391. 

Latin into English. 

ReddTtur terrse corpus. 
Da mihi pignus amoris. 
Redeunt jam gramlna campis. 
Arma fecit Vulcanus Achilii. 
Oves nobis suam lanam praebent. 
Datus est tibi plausus. 
IJle desperat saluti suce. 
Factioni inimicorum resistere nequivit. 
Bonis" nocet quisquis pepercerit 6 malis. 
Juventns pleraque Catillnae inceptis favebat. 
Voluptatlbus simul et virtuti nemo servire potest. 
Ego ^utem neminem nomlno, quare irasci mihi nemo 
poterit. 

Homines amplius oculis c quam auribus credunt. 
Imperare d sibi maximum est imperium. 

English into Latin. 

I give thanks to you. Ago tu gratia. 

We were not born for our- Non solum ego nascor. 

selves alone. 

You can bring assistance Auxilium tu ego fero pos- 

to me. sum. 

The Athenians gave up to Classis septuaginta navis 

Miltiades a fleet of sev- Athenienses Miltiades 

enty ships. dedo. 

Epaminondas always aimed Epaminondas semper quae- 

at empire, not for him- ro imperium, non sui, sed 

self, but for his country. patria. c 

The gods have regard to Deus consulo res humanus. 

human affairs. 

The shades hurt the corn. Noceo frux* umbra. 

I favor that opinion. Iste faveo sententia. 

c 358 b 450. e 362£. d 475. e pi. 



138 



EXERCISES. DATIVE. 



See 392—397. 



Latin into English. 



Caesari diadema imponere* voluit Antonius. 

Nihil semper floret ; aetas succedit aetati. 

Multa et varia impendent hominibus genera mortis. 

Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco. 

Ne addlcas 6 animum c voluptati. 

Aristides interfuit pugnae navali apud Salamina. 

Caesar Deiotaro regi tetrarchiam eripuit. 

Ceteris satisfacio, mihi ipsi nunquam satisfacio 

Adhibenda est nobis diligentia. 

Longae regibus sunt manus. 

Est homini similitudo quaedam cum Deo. 

Exitio est avidis mare nautis. 

Divitiae multis fuerunt exitio. 

Maturavit collecrae venire auxilio. 



English into Latin. 



He imposed laws on the 

state by violence. 
You oppose my interests. 
He came suddenly upon 

the enemy. 
May the gods favor thee. 
If you wish me to weep, 

you yourself must first 

grieve. 
Each has his peculiar way. 
I also have verses. 
Sedition almost caused the 

ruin of the city. 
That is reckoned an honor 

to you. 



Lex civitas per vis impono. 

Meus commodum obsto. 
Repente supervenio hos* 

tis. 
Deus benefacio tu. 
Si volo ego fleo, dolendus* 

sum primum ipse tu. 

Suus quisque mos sum. 
Sum et ego carmen. 
Seditio prope urbs excidi- 

um sum. 
Is tu honor habeo. 



a 478. 



b 451. 



c 362*. 



d 482 



EXERCISES. ACCUSATIVE. 139 

See 399. 

Latin into English. 

Deus mundum regit. 

Gramen carp it equus. 

Ferrum rublgo consumit. 

Spargit sylva frondes. 

Spes alit agricolas. 

Ventus agit nubes. 

Semiramis Babylonem condidit. 

Scipio Carthaginem delevit. 

Ver praebet fiores. 

Epistolam tuam accepi. 

Alexander Darium fugavit. 

Labor omnia a vincit. 

Acres venabor apros. 

Romulus creavit centum senatores. 

Torva leaena lupum sequitur. 

English into Latin. 

The bee loves the flowers. Flos amo apis. 

The anchor holds the ship. Teneo anchora navis 

Play has an end. Lusus habeo finis. 

God gives life. Deus do vita. 

Brutus killed Caesar. Brutus Caesar occido. 

I have given many gifts. Munus multus do. 

I will sing no songs. Carmen nullus cano. 

Banish all delay. Omnis pello mora. 

Romulus founded Rome. Romulus Roma condo. 

Practice gives despatch. Celentas do consuetudo. 

Fire tries gold. Ignis aurum probo. 

A dark cloud concealed Ater nubes condo luna. 

the moon. 

Cyrus founded the Persian Cyrus imperium Persicus 

empire. fundo. 

a 367 



140 



EXERCISES. ACCUSATIVE. 



See 403 & 404. 

Latin into English. 

Pocni Hamilcarem imperatorem fecerunt. 

Montem Vesontionis murus circumdatus arcem eflTTcit. 

Hannibal Philippum absens hostem reddidit Romania.* 

Fortuna me, qui liber fueram, servum fecit. 

Irani bene Ennius initium dixit insaniae. 

Brutus consul collegam sibi creavit P. Valerium. 

Ancurn Marcium regem populus creavit. 

Ciceronem universa civltas consulem declaravit. 

Interrex M. Furius Camillus P. Comelium Scipionem 
interregem prodidit. 

Sumrnum consilium majores nostri appellarunt se- 
natum. 

Cato Valerium Flaccum in consulatu habuit collegam. 

Cneius Pompeius se auctorem mese salutis exhibuit. 

AtheniensTbus Pythia praecepit, ut Miltiadem sibi im- 
peratorem sumerent. 



English into Latin. 



You have made me consul. 
I have you (for) witnesses. 
Cato called Sicily the nurse 

of the Roman people. 
I proclaimed L. Murena 

consul. 
Caesar had made Cavari- 

nus king. 
Socrates esteemed himself 

a citizen of the whole 

world. 
Philip sent for Aristotle as 

the instructor of (his) 

son Alexander. 



Ego consul facio.* 

Tu testis habeo. 

Cato nutrix plebs Roma- 

nus Sicilia nomlno. 
L. Murena consul renun- 

tio. 
Ceesar Cav annus rex con- 

stituo. 
Socrates totus mundus sui 

civis arbitror. 

Philippus Aristoteles Al- 
exander films doctor ac- 
cio. 



a 374. 



b pi. 



EXERCISES. ACCUSATIVE. 



141 



See 405—409. 

Latin into English. 

Non te celavi sermonem Ampii. 

Quis muslcam docuit Epaminondam ? 

Catilina juventutem mala facinora edocebat. 

Achaei auxilia Philippum regem orabant. 

Nunquam divitias deos rogavi. 

Quotidie Csesar JEduos frumentum flagitabat. 

Juravi verissimum jusjurandum. 

Siccius Dentatus triumphavit triumphos novem. 

Multi cives meum casum luctumque doluerunt. 

Pontus scopiilos superjacit undam. 

Ego te manum injiciam. 

Hipponiates omnes belli artes edoctus erat. 

iEneas refulsit, os humerosque deo similis. 

Expleri mentem nequit Dido. 

English into Latin. 

Eumenes concealed (his) Eumenes iter omnis celo. 

route from all. 

I ask this favor of you. Tu hie beneficium rogo. 

You request of me two Oratio ego duo postiilo. 

orations. 

Racilius asked me (my) Racilius ego sententia ro- 

opinion. go. 

I dreamed a wonderful Minis somnio somnium. 

dream. 

Empedocles commits ma- Empedocles multus* alius 

ny other mistakes. pecco. 

He turns (his) attention to Is animus adverto. 

that. 

The horse trembles as to Equus tremo artus. 6 

(his) limbs. 



o 357. 



b 130. 



142 EXERCISES. ACCUSATIVE. 

See 410. 

Latin into English. 

Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos mittit. 

Pauci vcniunt ad senectutem. 

Neoptolemus apud Lycomedem erat educatus. 

Atticus sepultus est juxta viam Appiam. 

Rosa? fulgent inter lilia. 

Est ingens gelid um lucus prope amnem. 

Vir bonus virtutem per se amat. 

Caesar Divitiacum ad se vocari jubet. 

Prope Caiendas Sextlles puto me" Laodiceae fore. 6 

Democrltus causam explicat, cur ante lucem galh 
canant. 

Vergasillaunus post montem se occultavit. 

Pone montes Riphaeos gens degit felix, quos Hyper- 
boreos appellavere.* 

Amicitia est per se et propter se expetenda.' 

English into Latin. 

Thou shalt sup with me. Tu apud ego coeno. 

The Helvetians send am- Helvetii legatus ad is mit- 

bassadors to him. to. 

Lentulus had watched con- Lentulus praeter consue- 

trary to (his) custom. tudo vigllo. 
The eartli turns itself a- Terra circum axis sui sum- 
round (its) axis with very mus celeritas converto. 

great velocity. 

Many a victim shall fall Multus tu/ ante ara cado 

before thy altar. hostia. 

If he is about the market, Si apud forum sum, con- 

I shall meet (him). venio. 

The Tuscans sent colonies Tuscus trans Apenninus 

beyond the Apennines. colonia mitto. 

a 419. b 479£. c 474. d Supply homines, e 482. / 374 



EXERCISES. ACCUSATIVE, &C. 143 

See 411—413. 

Latin into English. 

Codrus se in medios immisit hostes. 

Proba vita via est in caelum. 

StoTci diviserunt naturam homlnis in animum et 
corpus. 

T. Manlius fuit perindulgens in patrem. 

MilTtes Caesaris sub montem succedunt. 

Miltiades insulas, quae Cyclades nominantur, sub 
Atheniensium redegit potestatem. 

Consul, equo citato 6 subter murum hostium ad co- 
hortes advehTtur. 

Plato cupiditatem subter prsscordia locavit 

Dolor in maxim is malis ducitur. 

Aves quaedam se in mari mergunt. 

Decemviri leges in duodecim tabulis scripserunt. 

Saepe est etiam sub palliolo sordido sapientia. 

English into Latin. 

Darius built a bridge over Darius pons facio in Ister 

the river Ister. flumen. c 

Verres us^d to have one Verres corona habeo rf unus 

garland upon his head, in caput, alter in collum. 

another upon his neck. 

Caesar compelled the ene- Caesar hostis sub murus 

my to halt beneath the consisto cogo. 

wall. 

A drawn sword hangs over Destrictus ensis super im- 

(his) impious neck. pius cervix* pendeo. 

Youth easily fall into dis- Facile in morbus incfdo 

eases. adolescens. 

Caesar withdrew his forces Copia suus Caesar in pro- 

to the nearest hill. pior collis subduco. 

a 359. b 447. c 347. d 237. e abl. 



\ 

144 EXERCISES. ACCUSATIVE. 

See 415—417. 

Latin into English. 

Biduum Laodicese* fui. » 

Appius caecus multos annos fuit. 

Improborum 6 animi solicitudinibus noctes atque dies 
exeduntur. 

Atticus annos triginta mediclna non indiguit. 

Urbs Veii d decern restates hiemesque continuas cir- 
cumsessa est. 

Vixit annis viginti novem, imperavit triennio. 

Calpurnius Romam proficiscitur. 

Hannibal in hiberna Capuam concessit. 

Athenienses bello Persico sua* omnia quae moveri 
poterant, partim Salaminem, partim Trcezenem aspor- 
tarunt/ 

Galli quondam longe ab suis sedibus Delphos usque 
profecti sunt. 

Lselius et Scipio rus ex urbe evolabant. 

English into Latin. 

The name of the Pythago- Multus sgeciilum vigeo Py- 

reans flourished many thagoreus nomen. 
ages. 

There is a place in the Sum locus in career cir- 

prison sunk about twelve citer duodecim pes hu- 

feet in the ground. mus depressus. 

Ambassadors were sent to Legatus Athenae mitto. 
Athens. 

Dionysius, when he had Dionysius, cum fanum Pro- 
plundered the temple of serpina expilo, navigo 
Proserpine, was sailing Syracusae. . 
to Syracuse. 

I came to the house of Venio consul Antonius i 

Antony the consul. domus. 

a 387. b 356. e 430. d 347. e 357. / 253 N. 



EXERCISES. ABLATIVE. 



145 



See 421 <fc 422. 

Latin into English. 

A prima aetate me philosophia delectavit. 

Caesar reperiebat plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab Ger- 
manis. 

De digito anntilum detraho. 

Ex Massiliensium classe quinque naves sunt de- 
pressae. 

Ex vita discedo tanquam ex hospitio, non tanquam 
^x domo. 

Hercules Tiberim* fluvium, prae se armentum agens, 
nando c trajecit. 

Aqua Trebiae fluminis erat pectorlbus tenus. 

Majores vestri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum 
iEtolis, cum Poenis bella gesserunt. 

Catilinae ferrum de man! bus extorsimus. 



English into Latin. 



Pharus is a tower which 
takes (its) name from 
the island. 

The Rhine separates the 
Helvetian territory from 
the Germans. 

The praetor rose from (his) 
seat. 

The hill was elevated a 
little from the plain. 

I know not, for joy, where 
I am. 

The same day he was in- 
formed by scouts. 



a 362J. 



b 407. 

13 



c 489. 



Pharus sum turris, qui no- 
men* ab insula accipio. 

Rhenus ager Helvetius a 
Cermani divido. 

Praetor de sella surgo. 

Collis paul iilum ex plani- 

ties edo. 
Prae gaudium ubi sum* 

nescio. 
Idem dies' ab explorator 

certus^ fio. 



*471. 



• 440. 



/comp 



140 EXERCISES. ABLATIVE 

See 424—427. 

Latin into English. 

Corpori cibo ac potione opus est. 

Nunc antmis opus est, nunc pectore firmo. 

Nunc virlbus usus est, nunc m ambus rapidis. 

Pauca* memoria digna evenere. 

Epicurus confirmat, deos membris humanis esse prae- 
ditos. 

O pueri, casulis et colllbus vivTte contenti. 

Numidae plerumque lacte et ferlna carne vesceban- 
tur. 

Senectus non gladio, sed consilio et ratione utTtur. 

Sic praesentibus fruaris 6 voluptatibus, ut futuris non 
noceas. e 

Accipio excusationem qua usus es. 

Humore omnia* hortensia gaudent. 

English into Latin. 

There is need of magis- Magistratus opus sum. 

t rates. 

There is no need of exam- Nil' 1 opus sum exemplum. 

pies. 

In this there is nothing In hie* nihil sum dissidium 

worthy of dispute. dignus. 

Learn to be content with Disco parvus sum conten- 

little. tus. 

Depending on my own Meus opinio fretus erro. 

opinion, I have erred. 

Exert all (your) strength. Utor vis e totus. 

The god delights in an Numerus deus impar gau- 

odd number. deo. 

Every species of vine de- Omnis vitis genus lector 

lights in warmth. tepor. 

a 357. h 451. c 452. d 409. e pi. 



EXERCISES. ABLATIVE. 



147 



See 430 & 431. 

Latin into English, 

Sola laurus fulmTne non irftur. 

Ignem" elici videmus lapidum conflictu. 

Hirundlnes luto nidos construunt, stramcnto rob- 
orant. 

Luna mterpositu terra? repente deficit. 

Nihil boni 6 otio et ignavia paratur. 

Poma ex arborlbus, si sunt cruda, vi avelluntur, si 
matura, decidunt. 

AquIIa voiandi pernicitate aves omnes excellit. 

Fas est ab hoste doceri. 

Cimbri et Teutoni a C. Mario pulsi sunt. 

Corona a popiilo data est. 

A cane non magno scepe tenetur aper. 



English into Latin. 



He advances with a slow 

step. 
We are deceived by the 

appearance of rectitude. 
The Parthians passed the 

Euphrates with nearly 

all (their) forces. 
Bulls defend themselves by 

(their) horns, boars by 

(their) tusks, and lions 

by biting. 
Carthage was destroyed by 

Scipio. 
Deiotarus was called king 

by the senate. 



Lentus gradus procedo. 

Decipio species rectum. 

Parthi Euphrates transeo 
cunctus fere copia. 

Cornu rf taurus, aper dens, 
morsus leo sui tutor. 

Carthago a Scipio delco. 

Deiotarus rex a senatus ap- 
pello. 



a 419 



b 377. 



c 485. 



d 3G2£. 



148 



EXERCISES. 



■ ABLATIVE. 



See 432-437. 

Latin into English. 

Insula Delos erat referta divitiis. 
Terrain nox obruit umbris. 
Omnes fama atque fortunis expertes sumus. 
Nihil honestum esse potest, quod tt justitia vacat. 
Scriptores Graeci rerum copia abundant. 
Censesne te 6 ullum invenlre posse c hominem/ qui - 
culpa caret ? 

Vacent* tua facta omni injustitiae genere. 

Deus bonis omnibus explevit mundum. 

Pacem fecit his conditionibus. 

Julium cum his ad te Uteris misi. 

llle e concilio multis cum millibus ibat. 

Caesar cum omnibus copiis Helvetios sequi coepit. 



English into Latin. 



He errs greatly, at least, in 

my opinion. 
That was done by my ad- 
vice. 
We are free from care. 
He filled the goblet with 

pure wine. 
I do not need advice. 
To be free from fault is a 

great consolation. 
They departed from the 

camp with great uproar 

and tumult. 
Lead forth with you all 

your (associates.) 



Erro longe meus quidem 

senter.tia. 
Is 7 facio consilium meus. 

Vacuus cura sum. 
Impleo merum patera. 

Consilium non egeo. 
Vaco* culpa magnus sum 

solatium. 
Magnus cum strepitus ac 

tumultus castra* egre- 

dior. 
Educo tu cum omnis tuus.' 



a 360. 
h 419. 



c 479. 
d 399. 



e 451. 
/357. 



^•475. 
h 423. 



i 356. 



EXERCISES. 



- ABLATIVE. 



149 



Sec 438-440. 



Latin into English. 



Somnus nos omnibus sensibus orbat. 
Nudavit aciem equestri auxilio. 
Magno metu me liberabis. 

Egredere ex urbe, Catillna, libera rempublicam metu. 
Vendldit hic tt auro patriam. 6 
Magno ubique pretio virtus osstimatur. 
Reges pacem ingenti pecunia mercabantur. 
Isocrates orator unam orationem viginti talentis ven- 
dldit. 

Hieme ursi in antris dormiunt. 
Postero die Helvetii castra ex eo loco movent. 
Nemo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. 
Postero die hostes in collibus constiterunt. 
Proximo triennio omnes gentes subegit. 



Troy frees herself from 

grief. 
He endeavored to drive Q. 

Varius from (his) posses- 
sions. 
He will debar you from 

these seats. 
The book cost me ten 

asses. 
It is of great value. 
He sold his house for a 

large sum. 
The same day ambassadors 

sent by the enemy came 

to Caesar. 



English into Latin. 

Solvo sui Teucria luctus. 



CI. Varius pello possessio 
conor. 

Tu ille sedes arceo. 

Liber ego c consto decussis. 

Consto ingens merces. 
Vendo is domus grandis 

pecunia. 
Idem dies legatus ab hostis 

missus ad Caesar venio. 



a 356. 

13 » 



c 390. 



150 EXERCISES. ABLATIVE. 

See 441-444 & 446. 

Latin into English, 

Athenis et Lacedaemone nunciata est victoria. 

Alexander Babylone mortuus est. 

Cumis sedem figere destlnat. 

Leomdas cum copiis delectis Thermopylis interiit 

Dionysius Platonem Athenis arcesslvit. 

Multas epistolas Roma accepi. 

Philo domo profugit, Romamque" venit. 

Forte evenit ut ruri essemus. 

Omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troja. 

Sidere pulchrior ille est. 

Quid magis est durum saxo, quid mollius unda? 

O fons Bandusiae splendidior vitro ! 

Quo quis indoctior, eo impudentior. 

Quo plus habent, eo plus cupiunt. 

English into Latin. 

Atticus, the friend of Cice- AttTcus Cicero amicus diu 

ro, lived a long time at Athense vivo. 

Athens. 

Hippocrates, born at Car- Hippocrates, natus Cartha- 

thage, was an eminent go, sum insignis medi- 

physician. cus. 

Caesar retired from Alex- Caesar recipio sui Alexan- 

andria. drla. 

iEschines, being condem- iEschines damnatus Athe- 

ned, left Athens, and nae cedo, et sui Rhodua 

went to Rhodes. confero. 

They were unwilling to go Domus exeo nolo. 

from home. 

The more difficult any Qui quis difficilis sum, hie 

thing is, the more hon- praeclarus. 

orable. 

• 416, 



EXERCISES. RELATIVES 151 

See 300. 

Latin into English. 

Literas expecto, quas scripsisti. 
Is amicus est, qui juvat in rebus adversis. 
Tutus ille non est, quern omnes oderunt. 
Ingratus est homo, qui non beneficium reddit. 
Solem e mundo tollunt, qui amicitiam e vita tollunt 
Pompeius, qui a Caesare victus est, fugit ad ^Egyptum 
Civis est is, qui patriam suam dillgit. 
Omnes causae, quas commemoras, justissimae sunt. 
Flumen est Arar, quod in Rhodanum influit. 
Urbs, quam Romulus condidit, vocabatur Roma. 
Scit is, qui est in concilio, C. Marcellus. 
Consiiles ad eum exercitum, quem in Apulia habui, 
venerunt. 



English into Latin. 

He is happy whom God Felix sum, qui Deus dili- 

loves. go. 

That burden is light which Levis fio, qui bene fero, 

is well borne. onus. 

Where are those whom you Ubi sum is, qui miser di- 

call miserable 1 co 1 

Why am I compelled to Cur senatus cogo, qui lau- 

censure the senate, that do semper, reprehendo? 

I have always commend- 
ed? 

He is brave who conquers Fortis sum, qui sui vinco. 

himself. 

The hour which has passed Hora, qui praetereo, non 

cannot return. redeo possum. 

I am Miltiades, who con- Ego sum Miltiades, qui 

quered the Persians Persae vinco. 



-X2 EXERCISES. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Sec 452-472. 

Latin into English. 

Non sura ita hebes ut istuc dicara. 

Epaminondas eloquentia* per fecit, ut auxilio* socio* 
rum Lacedsemonii privarentur. 

Pavor erat, ne castra hostis aggrederetur. 

AdjQta me, quo id fiat facilius. 

Nihil est, quin male narrando possit depravari. 

Avertit equos, priusquam pabula gustassent c Trojae. 

Negat se scire, cum tamen haud ignoret. 

Zenonem, quum Athenis essem, audiebam frequenter, 

Caesar equitatum omnem praemittit, qui videant, quas 
in partes iter faciant. 

Erant, quibus appetentior famae d videretur. 

Caninius fuit mirif lea vigilantia/ qui suo toto consu* 
latu 7 somnum non viderit. 

Negat jus^ esse, qui miles non sit, pugnare* cum hoste* 

English into Latin. 

How does it happen that Q,ui fio, ut nemo contentus 

no one lives contented ? vivo ? 

He commands Volusenus Volusenus* mando ut ad 

to return to him. sui revertor. 

Take care that nothing be Curo ne quis is desum. 

wanting to him. 

What do you wish that I Quis volo facio ? 

should do? 

Many things are of such a Multus res sum ejusmodi, 

kind that no one can qui exitus nemo provi- 

foresee their issue. deo possum. 

Is there any one who is An sum quisquam, qui 

ignorant of this ? hie* ignoro 1 

a 430. c 253 N. e 375. g 371. t 391. 

b 438. d 378. / 440. h 475. Supply earn. j 399 



EXERCISES. — INFINITIVE. 163 

See 419, 478, 479. 

Latin into English. 

Vinci quam vincere maluit. 
Cur timet flavum Tiberim" tangere? 
Ne tentes, 6 quod effici non potest. 
Lupus assuevit semper rapere atque ablre. 
Omnia c pecunia effici non possunt. 
Sequi gloria non appeti debet. 
Aut prodesse volunt, aut delectare poetae. 
Sepulcrum d Cyri aperiri Alexander jussit 
Miror tuum fratrem* non scribere. 
Credo regem amare pacem. 
Audivi necessitatem esse matrem artium. 
Nemo se avarum esse intelllgit. 
Perspicuum est* hominem e corpore animoque con- 
stare. 

English into Latin. 

I cannot be silent. Taceo nequeo. 

Dare to contemn riches. Audeo contemno opis/ 

Virtue cannot be lost. Amitto virtus non possum. 

I long to know all (things). Gestio scio omnis. 

All desire to live happily. Omnis volo vivo beate. 

The stag begins to flee. Cervus caepi fugio. 

Thou knowest that I love Scio ego amo verum. 

truth. 

Do not forget that thou Nolo obliviscor tu* sum 

art Caesar. Csesar/ 

They believe that they are Credo sui negligo. 

neglected. 

I am glad that thou hast Tu redeo gaudeo. 

returned. 



a 117. c 357. e 475. g 371. 

b 451. Supply id. . d 479$. /pi. 



154 EXERCISES. PARTICIPLES, &C. 

See 447, 480, 483, 485--490. 

Latin into English. 

Ilac oratione habita, concilium dimlsu. 

Galli, re cognita, obsididnem relinquunt. 

Virtute exc^pta, nihil amicitia praustabilius putetis.* 

Homines abundantes auro 6 non sunt idcirco curis* 
vacui. 

Peritus civitatis regendre fuit. 

Epaminojidas studiosus erat audiendi. 

Timotheus belli gerendi fuit peritus. 

MusTcen natura ipsa nobis videtur ad tolerandos labo- 
res dedisse. 

Mens discendo alitur et cogitando. 

Philippus, quum spectatum ludos iret/ juxta thea* 
trum occisus est. 



(Our) work being finished, 
we will play. 

(They) favoring the inter- 
ests of the Carthagini- 
ans. 

(He) being accused of a 
capital crime. 

The hope of seeing (one's) 
country. 

Nitrous water is useful for 
drinking. 

He hastens to repent, who 
judges precipitately. 

He was recalled to defend 
his country. 



English into Latin. 

Opus* peractus ludo. 



Favens res / Carthaginierh 

sis. 

Accusatus res ff capitalis. 
Patria spes video. 

Aqua nitrosus utilis sum 

bibo. 
Ad poeniteo propero, qui 

cito judlco. 
Patria defendo revoco. 



a 451. 



b 437. 



c 436. d 459. e 362£. / 391. g 383. 



EXERCISES. INTERJECTIONS, &C. 



155 



See 370, 418, 420, 493, 494. 

Latin into English. 

O vir fortis atque amicus ! 
O Dave, itane contemnor abs te ! 
O fallacem homlnum spem, fragilemque fortunam, et 
inanes nostras contentiones ! 
Heu vanitas humana ! 
Heu miserande puer ! 
Heu me infellcem ! 
Ecce nova turba atque rixa ! 
Ecce miserum homlnem ! 
Exctidant alii spirantia molliiis acra. 
Qui bene latuit, bene vixit. 
Furor et ira precipitant ammum. 
Patrem tuum colui, et dilexi. 
Ea videre ac perspicere potestis. ■ 
Cum accessisset castraque poneret 



English into Lathi. 



O holy Jupiter ! 

Alas unhaj>py maid! 

O wretched me 1 

O hated race ! 

They greatly err! 

So Calchas interprets the 
omens. 

Four times it stopped on 
the very threshold of the 
gate. 

Still, regardless we persist. 

In the mean time, the heav- 
ens revolve. 

We are dust and shade. 



Pro sanctus JupTter !* 
Ah virgo infelix! 
O ego perdltus ! 6 
Heu stirps invisus ! 6 
Ille vehementer erro. 
Ita digero omen Calchas. 

Quater ipse in limen por- 
ta subsisto. 

Insto tamen immemor. 
Verto c interea cajlum. 1 * 

Pulvis et umbra sum. 



b ace. 



c pass. 



' sing 



READING LESSONS. 



THE LIFE OF JOSEPH. 



1. Joseph's Childhood. 

Jacobus habuit duodecim filios, inter quos erat 
Josephus, quern pater diligebat prae ceteris filiis, quod 
hie natus erat ipsi° in ejus senectute, et huic dedit 
togam versicolorem. 

Quam ob causam Josephus erat invisus suis fratri- 
bus, 6 praesertim postquam narravit eis duplex somnium, 
quo c futura ejus magnitudo portendebatur. 

Oderant** ilium tantopere, ut non possent e cum eo 
amice loqui. 

2. Joseph's Dreams. 

Haec porro erant Josephi somnia. '} Ligabamus," 
inquit, " simul manipulos in agro : ecce maniptilus 
meus surgebat et stabat rectus ; vestri autem manipiili 
circums* jites venerabantur meum. 

" Postea vidi in somnis solem, lunam, et undecim 
Stellas adorantes me.' 7 

Cui fratres responderunt, "Quorsum spectant ista 
somnia ? Num tu eris rex noster ? Num subjiciemur 
ditioni' tuse ? M 

a 390. c 430. e 452. g 392 

* 389. d 309. /480 & 399. 



LIFE OF JOSEPH. 157 

Fratres igitur invidebant ei;° at pater rem tacitus 
tonsiderabat. 

3. Joseph's Brothers resolve to kill him. 

Quadam die 6 quum fratres Josephi pascerent greges 
procul, ipse remanserat domi. c Jacobus misit eum ad 
fratres, ut sciret d quomodo se haberent. e 

Qui 7 videntes Josephum venientem consilium cepe- 
runt illlus occidendi : s " Ecce," dicebant, " somniator 
venit : occidamus A ilium, et projiciamus in puteum : 
dicemus patri, * Fera devoravit Josephum.' Tunc ap- 
parebit quid sua ill i prosint* somnia." 

4. Reuben, his eldest Brother, saves his Life. 

Ruben, qui erat natu* maximus, deterrebat fratres a 
tanto scelere. 

" Nolite," inquiebat, " interficere puerum : est enim 
frater noster : demittite eum potius in hanc foveam." 

Habebat in ammo liberare Josephum ex eorum mani- 
ous, et ilium extrahere e fovea, atque ad patrem redu- 
cere. 

Re ipsa, his verbis deducti sunt ad mitius consilium. 

5. Joseph is sold by his Brothers. 

Ubi Josephus per venit ad fratres suos, detraxerunt e\J 
togam, qua* indutus erat, et detruserunt eum in foveam. 

Deinde quum consedissent' ad sumendum cibum,"* 
conspexerunt mercatores qui petebant iEgyptum cum 
camelis portantibus varia aromata. 

Venit illis n in mentem Josephum vendere illis merca* 
torlbus. 



a 39). 


d 452. 


g 484 & 485. 
h 451. 


j 393. 
k 43-2. 


tn487. 


b 440. 


e 471. 


n 374. 


c 388. 


/ 362. 

14 


t 435. 


1 459. 


o 390 



158 LIFE OF JOSEPH. 

Qui emerunt Josephum viginti nummis* argentcifl, 
eumque duxerunt in iEgyptum. 6 

6. They send to their Father Joseph's Robe stained 
with Blood. 

Tunc fratres Josephi tinxerunt togam ejus in san- 
guine haedi, quern occiderant, et miserunt earn ad pa- 
ttern cum his verbis : " Invenlmus hanc togam : vide 
an toga filii tui sit.'"* 

Quam quum agnovisset, pater exclamavit : " Toga 
filii mei est : fera pessima devoravit Josephum." Deinde 
scidit vestem, et induit cilicium. 

Omnes Tiberi ejus convenerunt ut lenlrent dolorem 
patris ; sed Jacobus noluit accipere consolationem ; 
dixitque, " Ego descendam moarens cum filio meo in se- 
p^curum." 

7. Potiphar buys Joseph. 

Putfphar iEgyptius emit Josephum a mercatoribus. 

Deus autem favit Putiphari' causa/ Josephi : omnia ei 
prospere succedebant. 

Quamobrem Josephus benigne habitus est ab hero, 
qui praefecit eum domui*' suae. 

Josephus ergo administrabat rem familiarem Pu- 
tipharis : omnia fiebant ad nutum ejus, nee Putiphar 
ulllus negotii curam gerebat. 

8. Joseph is accused, and cast into Prison. 

Josephus erat insigni et pulchra facie \ h uxor Pu« 
tipharis eum pelliciebat ad flagitium. 

Josephus autem nolebat assentiri improbag mulieri/ 

a 439. e 362i. e 391. g 392. 

b 411. d 471. / 430. % 375. 



LIFE OF JOSEPH. 159 

Quadam die mulier apprehendit oram pallii ejus; at 
Jcsephus rellquit pallium in manlbus ejus, et fugit. 

Mulier irata inclamavit servos, et Josephum accusavit 
apud virum, qui nimium crediilus conjecit Josephum in 
carcerem. 

9. The Dreams of two of Pharaoh's Officers. 

Erant in eodem carcere duo ministri regis Pharaonis ; 
alter praeerat pincernis, a alter pistonbus. 

Utrique obvenit divinltus somnium eadem nocte. 

Ad quos quum venisset 6 Josephus mane, et animad- 
vertisset c eostristiores sollto/ interrogavit qusenam esset* 
moestitiae causa? 

Qui responderunt : " Obvenit nobis somnium, nee 
quisquam est qui illud nobis interpretetur." 

" Nonne," inquit Josephus, " Dei 7 solius est praenos- 
cere^ res futuras? Narrate mihi somnia vestra." 

10. Joseph explains the Chief Butler 1 s Dream. 

Turn prior sic exposuit Josepho somnium suum. 

" Vidi in quiete vitem in qua erant tres palmites ; ea 
paulatim protiilit gemmas; deinde flores eruperunt, ac 
denique uvae maturescebant. 

" Ego exprimebam uvas in scyphum Pharaonis, elque 
porrigebam." 

" Esto bono ammo,"* inquit Josephus, " post tres 
dies Pharao te restituet in gradum pristlnum : te rogo 
ut memineris mei."* 

11. He explains the Dream of the Chief Baker. 

Alter quoque narravit somnium suum Josepho. 

" Gestabam in caplte tria canistra, in quibus erant cibr 

a 392. c 494. e 471. ^475. i 382. 

b 459. d 444. / 876. h 375. 



1G0 LIFE OF JOSEPH. 

quos pistores solent conficere. Ecce autem aves ck ■ 
cumvolitabant, et cibos illos comedebant." 

Cui Josephus : " IIa?c est interpretatio istlus somnii : 
tria canistra sunt tres dies, quibus" elapsis Pharao te 
feriet securi, et afflget ad palum, ubi aves pascentur 
carne tua." b 

12. The Accomplishment of the two Dreams. 

Die tertio, qui dies natalis Pharaonis erat, splendidum 
convivium parandum c fuit. 

Tunc rex memmit ministrorum suorum, qui erant in 
carcere. 

Restituit praefecto pincernarum ejus munus; alterum 
vero securi percussum suspendit ad palum. Ita res 
somnium comprobavit. 

Tamen praefectus pincernarum oblltus est Josephi/ 
nee illlus in se merlti d recordatus est. 

13. King Pharaoh 1 s Dreams. 

Post biennium rex ipse habuit somnium. 

Videbatur sibi adstare Nilo flumini ;' et ecce emer- 
gebant de flumlne septem vaccse pingues, quae pasce- 
bantur in palude. Deinde septem aline vaccae macilentae 
exierunt ex eodem flumlne, quae devorarunt 7 priores. 

Pharao experrectus rursum dormlvit, et alterum 
habuit somnium. 

Septem spicae plenae enascebantur in uno culmo, 
alineque totldem exiles succrescebant, et spicas plenas 
consumebant. 

14. The Chief Butler speaks of Joseph to the King. 
Ubi illuxit, Pharao perturbatus convocavit omnes 

a 447. b 432. c 482. d 382. e 392. / 253 N 



LIFE OF JOSEPH. 161 

conjectores JEgypti, et narravit iJlis somnium ; at nemo 
poterat iJlud interpretari. 

Tunc praefectus pincernarum dixit regi : " Confiteor 
peccatum meum : quum ego et praefectus pistorum esse- 
mus in carcere, uterque tt somniavtmus eadem nocte. 

" Erat ibi puer Hebraeus, qui nobis sapienter inter- 
pretatus est somnia ; res enim interpretationem com- 
probavit." 

15. Joseph interprets the King's Dreams. 

Rex arcessivit Josephum, eique narravit utrumque 
somnium. Turn Josephus Pharadni : " Duplex," in- 
quit, " somnium unam atque eandem rem significat. 

" Septem vaccae pingues et septem spicae plenae sunt 
septem anni c ubertatis mox venturre : septem vero vaccae 
macilentae et septem spicae exiles sunt totidem anni fa- 
inis, quae ubertatem secutura est. 

" Itaque, rex, rf praefice toti iEgypto virum sapientem 
et industrium, qui partem frugum recondat 6 in horreis 
publicis, servetque diligenter in subsidium famis secu- 
tQrae." 

16. Joseph is made Overseer of all Egypt. 

Regi placuit consilium ; quare dixit Josepho : " Num 
quisquam est in iEgypto te f sapientior ? Nemo certe 
fungetur melius illo munere/ 

" En tibi trado curam regni mei." 

Turn detraxit e manu sua annulum, et Josephi digito 
inseruit; induit ilium veste byssina, collo' 1 torquem 
aureum circumdedit, eumque in curru suo secundum 
collocavit. 

Josephus erat triginta annos* natus, quum summam 
potestatem a rege accepit.- 7 

a 347. c 371. e 465. g 426. t 415. 

d420. /444* h 390, j 453. 

14* 



1G2 LIFE OF JOSEPH. 



17. Joseph reserves a Part of the Corn, which he after' 
wards sells. 

Josephus perlustravit omnes iEgypti regiones, et per 
septem annos ubertatis congessit maximam frumenti 
cop i am. 

Secuta est inopia septem annorum, et in orbe universo 
fames ingravescebat. 

Tunc iEgyptii, quos premebat egestas, adierunt re- 
gem, 41 postulantes cibum. 

Quos 6 Pharao remittebat ad Josephum. 

Hie autem aperuit horrea, et iEgyptiis frumenta 
vendidit. 

18. Jacob sends his Sons into Egypt to buy Corn. 

Ex aliis quoque regionlbus conveniebatur in iEgyp- 
tum ad emend am c annonam. 

Eadem necessitate compulsus Jacobus misit illuc 
filios suos. 

Itaque profecti sunt fratres Josephi ; sed pater 
retinuit domi natu minimum, qui vocabatur Benja- 
minus. d 

Timebat enim ne quid mali ei accideret in itinere. 

Benjamlnus ex eadem matre natus erat qua Josephus, 
ideoque ei longe carior erat quam ceteri fratres. 

19. Joseph pretends to take them for Spies. 

Decern fratres, ubi in conspectum Josephi venerunt, 

eum proni venerati sunt. 

Agnovit eos Josephus, nee ipse est cognltus ab eis.' 
Noluit indicare statim quis esset/ sed eos interro- 

gavit tanquam alienos : " Unde venistis, et quo con- 

silio 1 " 

a 407. 6 362. c 484. d 371. e 431 /471. 



LIFE OF JOSEPH. 163 

Qui responderunt : " Profecti sumus e regione 
Chanaan ut emamus frumentum." 

" Non est ita," inquit Josephus ; " sed venistis hue 
ammo hostili : vultis explorare nostras urbes et loca 
iEgypti parum munlta." 

At illi : " Mimifad,? inquiunt : " nihil mali medita- 
mur, duodecim fratres sumus ; minimus retentus est 
domi a patre : alius vero non superest." 

20. Joseph detains Simeon. 

Illud Josephum angebat quod Benjaminus cum 
ceteris non aderat. 

Quare dixit eis : " Experiar an verum dixerltis : a 
maneat 6 unus ex vobis obses apud me, dum adducatur 
hue frater vester minimus ; ceteri abite cum frumento." 

Tunc coeperunt inter se dicere : " Merito hsec pati- 
mur : crudeles fuimus in fratrem nostrum ; nunc pce- 
nam hujus sceleris luimus." 

Putabant haBC verba d non intelligi a Josepho, quia 
per interpretem cum eis loquebatur. 

Ipse autem avertit se parumper et flevit. 

21. Joseph's Brothers return Home. 

Josephus jussit fratrum saccos d impleri tritico,' e 
pecuniam, quam attulerant, reponi in ore saccorum , 
addldit insiiper cibaria in viam. 

Deinde dimisit eos, prater Simeonem, quem retinuit 
obsldem/ 

Itaque profecti sunt fratres Josephi, et, quum venis- 
sent ad patrem, narraverunt ei omnia^ quae sibi accid- 
erant. 

Quum aperuissent saccos, ut effunderent frumenta, 
mirantes repererunt pecuniam. 

a 471. b 451. c 457 d 419. e 432. / 404 g 357. 



164 LIFE OF JOSEPH. 

22. Jacob toill not suffer Benjamin to depart. 

Jacobus, ut audivit Benjaminoim arcessi a praefecto* 
iEgypti, cum gemitu questus est. 

" Orbum me liberis 6 fecistis : Josephus mortuus est ; 
Simeon retentus est in JEgypto ; Benjamlnum vultis 
abducere. 

" Haec omnia mala in me recidunt ; non dimittam 
Benjamlnum ; nam si quid ei adversi accident in via, 
non potero ei c superstes vivere, sed dolore oppressus 
moriar." 

23. His Sons urge him to consent. 

Postquam consumpti sunt cibi quos attulerant, 
Jacobus dixit filiis suis : " Proficiscimini iterum in 
JEgyptum, ut ematis cibos." 

Qui responderunt : " Non possiimus adire praefec- 
tum d iEgypti sine Benj amino ; ipse enim jussit ilium* 
ad se adduci."-^ 

" Cur," inquit pater, " mentionem fecistis de fratre 
vestro mini mo ? " 

" Ipse," inquiunt, " nos interrogavit an pater viveret,* 
an alium fratrem haberemus.* Respondimus ad ea 
qua3 sciscitabatur ; non potuimus praescire eum dictu- 
rum esse / ' Adducite hue fratrem vestrum.' " 

24. Jacob at last consents to Benjamin 1 s Departure. 

Tunc Judas, unus e filiis Jacobi, dixit patri : " Corn- 
mitte mihi puerum : ego ilium recipio in fidem meam : 
ego servabo, ego reducam ilium ad te ; quod nisi fece 
xo, s hujus rei culpa in me residebit : si voluisses* eum 
statim dimittere, jam secundo hue rediissemus." 

Tandem victus pater annuit ; " Quoniam necesse 

* Why is this verb in the subjunctive ? 
a 431. b 436. c 389. d 407 8 419. / 479£. g 242. h 450 



LIFE OF JOSEPH. 165 

est," inquit, " proficiscatur BenjamTnus vobiscum, de- 
ferte viro munera et duplum pretium, ne forte errore 
factum sit * ut vobis redderetur * prior pecunia." 

25. Joseph orders a Feast to be prepared for his Brothers. 

Nunciatum est Josepho eosdem viros advenisse,* et 
cum eis 6 parvulum fratrem. 

Jussit Josephus eos introdGci in domum, et lautum 
parari convivium. 

Xlli metuebant ne arguerentur * de pecunia quam in 
saccis repererant : quare purgaverunt se apud dispensa- 
torem Josephi. 

"Jam semel," inquiunt, "hue venimus : reversi do- 
mum c invenTmus pretium frumenti in saccis : nescimus 
quonam casu id factum fuerit :* sed eandem pecuniam 
reportavimus." 

Quibus dispensator ait: " Bono ammo estote." 
Deinde adduxit ad illos Simeonem, qui retentus fuerat. 

26. They are admitted to Joseph's Presence. 

Deinde Josephus ingressus est in conclave, ubi sui 
eum fratres exspectabant, qui eum venerati sunt d ofFe- 
rentes munera. 

Josephus eos clementer salutavit, interrogavitque : 
"Salvusne est senex ille, quern vos patrem' habetis ? 
Vivitne adhuc? ,, 

Qui 7 responderunt : " Salvus est pater noster, adhuc 
vivit." 

Josephus autem, conjectis in Benjamlnum oculis, 5 
dixit : " An iste est frater vester minimus, qui domi 
remanserat apud palrem?" Et rursus : " Deus sit* 
tibi propitius, fili* mi ; " J et abiit festinans, quia com- 
motus erat anlmo, et lacryma^ erurnpebant. 

* Why is this verb in the subjunctive ? 
a 475. c 417. e 404. g 447. i 88. 

6 434. d 226. / 302 A 451. j 2U 



166 LIFE OF JOSEPH. 



27. Joseph orders Ms Cup to be placed in Benjamin* s 
Sack, 

Josephus Iota facie* regressus continuit se, et jussit 
apponi cibos. Turn distribuit escam uniculque fratrum 6 
suorum ; sed pars Benjamini erat multo major quam 
ceterorum. 

Peracto convivio, Josephus dat negotium dispensato- 
ri ut saccos eorum impleat frumento, pecuniam simul 
reponat, et insiiper scyphum suum argenteum in sacco 
Benjamini recondat. c 

Ille fecit diligenter quod jussus fuerat. 

28. Joseph sends in Pursuit of them. 

Fratres Josephi sese in viam dederant, necdum pro- 
cul ab urbe aberant. 

Tunc Josephus vocavit dispensatorem domus sua?, 
eique dixit : " Persequere viros, et quum eos assecutus 
fueris/ ill is dicito : * Quare injuriam pro beneficio re- 
pendistis? 

M ' Subripuistis scyphum argenteum quo e dominus 
meus utitur : improbe fecistis/ 

Dispensator mandata Josephi perfecit ; ad eos con- 
festim advolavit ; furtum exprobravit; rei indignitatem 
exposuit. 

29. The Cup is found in Benjamin's Sack. 

Fratres Josephi responderunt dispensatori : "Istud 
sceleris longe a nobis alienum est : nos, ut tute scis, 
retulimus bona fide/ pecuniam repertam in saccis ; 
tantum abest ut furati simus scyphum domini tui : apud 
quern furtum deprehensum fuerit, is morte mulctetur. ,, 

Continuo saccos deponunt et aperiunt, quos ille 
scrutatus, invenit scyphum in sacco Benjamini. 

a 447. i 377. e 494. d 242. « 426. / 433. 



life or JOSEPH. IG7 



30. Tliey return to the City, overwhelmed with Grief. 

Tunc fratres Josephi mcerore oppressi revertuntur in 
urbem. 

Adducti ad Josephum, sese abjecerunt ad pedes illius. 
Quibus ille : n Quomodo," inquit, " potuistis hoc scelus 
admittere ? H 

Judas respondit: " Fateor : res est manifesta; nul- 
lam possumus excusationem afferre, nee audemus petere 
veniam aut sperare : nos omnes enmus servi tui. ,; 

" Nequaquam/ , * ait Josephus : " sed ille apud quera 
inventus est scyphus erit mihi servus : vos autem abite 
liberi ad patrem vestrum." 

31. Judah offers himself a Slave instead of Benjamin. 

Tunc Judas accedens propius ad Josephum : " Te 
oro," inquit, " domine mi, a ut bona cum venia me audias. 

" Pater unice diligit puerum ; nolebat primo eum di- 
mittere ; non potui id 6 ab eo impetrare, nisi postquam 
spopondi eum tutum ab omni periciilo fore : si redieri- 
mus ad patrem sine puero, ille mcerore confectus mo- 
rietur. 

" Te oro atque obsecro ut sinas puerum abire, meque 
pro eo addicas in servitutem : ego poenam, qua dignu3 
est, exsolvam." 

32. Joseph makes himself known to his Brothers. 

Interea Josephus continere se vix poterat : quare 
jussit iEgyptios adstantes recedere. 

Turn flens dixit magna voce: " Ego sum Josephus; 
vivitne adhuc pater meus?" 

Non poterant respondere fratres ejus nimio timore 
perturbati. 

* What does this adverb modify ? 
a 211. b 357. 



168 LIFE OF JOSEPH. 

Quibus ille amice : " AccedTte," inquit, " ad me : ego 
sum Josephus, frater vester, quern vendidistis mercator- 
ibus euntibus in iEgyptum : nolite timere ; Dei provi- 
dential id factum est, ut ego saluti vestrae consulerem." 

33. Joseph directs them to bring his Father to Egypt 

Josephus haec locutus fratrem suum Benjaminum 
complexus est, eumque lacrymis* conspersit. 

Deinde ceteros quoque fratres collacrymans oscula- 
tus est. Turn demum ill i cum eo fidenter locuti sunt. 

Quibus Josephus : " Ite," inquit, " properate ad patrem 
meum, elque nunciate filium suum vivere, et apud 
Pharaonem plunmum posse ; persuadete illi ut in 
iEgyptum cum omni familia 6 commigret." 

34. Pharaoh sends Presents and Chariots to Jacob. 

Fama de adventu fratrum Josephi ad aures regis 
pervenit; qui dedit eis munera perferenda ad patrem 
cum his mandatis : 6 

"Adducite hue patrem vestrum et omnem ejus famil- 
iam, nee multum curate supellectilem vestram, quia 
omnia, quae opus erunt vobis, c praebiturus sum, et omnes 
opes JSgypti vestrae erunt." 

Misit quoque currus ad vehendunV* senem, et parvii- 
los, et mulieres. 

35. His Brothers inform their Father that Joseph is 
still alive. 

Fratres Josephi festinantes reversi sunt ad patrem 
suum, elque nunciaverunt Josephum vivere,' et princi- 
pem esse totius iEgypti. 

Ad quem nuncium Jacobus, quasi e gravi somno 

a 432. b 434. c 389. d 487. e 479 



LIFE OF JOSEPH. 169 

excitatus obstupuit, nee primo filiis rem narrantibus 
fidera adhibebat; sed postquam vidit plaustra et dona 
sibi a Josepho missa, recepit animum, et, " Mihi satis 
est," inquit, M si vivit adhuc Josephus meus : ibo et vi- 
debo eum, antequam moriar. 5,a 

36. Jacob goes into Egypt with all his Family. 

Jacobus profectus cum filiis et nepotibus pervenit in 
iEgyptum, et praemisit Judam ad Josephum, ut eum 
faceret certiorem de adventu suo. 

Confestim Josephus processit obviam patri, 6 quern ut 
vidit, in collum ejus se conjecit, et flens flentem com- 
plexus est. 

Turn Jacobus: " Satis diu vixi," inquit, "nunc 
aequo ammo moriar, quoniam conspectu tuo frui mihi 
licuit, et te mihi superstltem relinquo." 

37. Joseph announces to the King the Arrival of his 
Father. 

Josephus adiit Pharaonem, eique nunciavit patrem* 
suum advenisse : e constituit etiam quinque e fratribus 
suis coram rege/ 

Qui eos interrogavit quidnam operis ? haberent : illi 
responderunt se esse pastores. 

Turn rex dixit Josepho : " JEgyptus in potestate tua 
est : cura ut pater et fratres tui in optimo loco habitent ; 
et si qui sint inter eos gnavi et industrii, trade eis curam 
pecorum meorum." 

38. Joseph presents his Father to Pharaoh. 

Josephus adduxit quoque patrem suum ad Pharao- 
nem, qui salutatus a Jacobo percontatus est ab eo, qua 
esset setate 1 h 

^377. 
A 375. 



a 456. 


c 426. 


e 479. 


b 398. 


d 419 


/422. 


15 







170 LIFE OP JOSEPH. 

Jacobus respondit regi : " Vixi centum et triginta 
annos, nee adeptus sum senectutem beatam avorum 
meorum : M turn bene precatus regi discessit ab eo. 

Josephus autem patrem et fratres suos collocavit in 
optima parte iEgypti, eisque omnium rcrum abundan- 
tiam suppeditavit. 

39. Jacob requests to be interred in the Tomb of his 
Fathers. 

Jacobus vixit septem et decern annos postquam com- 
migrarat in iEgypturn. 

Ubi sensit mortem sibi imminere, arcessito Josepho, 
dixit : " Si me amas, jura te id facturum esse, quod a 
te petam, 6 scilicet ut ne me sepelias in iEgypto, sed 
corpus meum transferas ex hac regione, et condas in 
sepulcro majorum meorum." ; 

Josephus autem , " Faciam," inquit, " quod jubes, 
pater." ' 

" Jura ergo mihi," ait Jacobus, " te certo id factu- 
rum esse." 

Josephus juravit in verba patris. 

40. Joseph pays his last Duties to his Father. 

Ut vidit Josephus extinctum patrem, ruit super eum 
flens, et osculatus est eum, luxitque ilium diu. 

Deinde prsecepit medtcis c ut condlrent corpus, et 
ipse cum fratribus multisque ^Egyptiis patrem depcrta- 
vit in regionem Chanaan. 

Ibi funus fecerunt cum magno planctu, et sepeherunt 
corpus in spelunca, ubi jacebant Abrahamus et Isaacus, 
reversique sunt in iEgyptum. ^ 

a 253, N. b 473. « 391. 



FABLES. 



171 



41. Joseph consoles his Brothers. 



Post mortem patris timebant fratres Josephi ne 
ulcisceretur injuriam, quam accepcrat : miserunt igitur 
ad ilium rogantes nomine patris, ut earn obliviscerctur, 
siblque condonaret. 

duibus Josephus respondit : " Non est quod timeatis ;* 
vos quidem malo in me anlmo fecistis ; sed Deus conver- 
tit illud in bonum : ego vos alam et familias vestras." 

Consolatus est eos plurimis verbis, et leniter cum 
illis locutus est. 

42. The Death of Joseph. 

Josephus vixit annos centum et decern ; quumque 
esset morti proximus, convocavit fratres suos, et* illos 
admonuit se brevi moriturum esse. 

" Ego," inquit, " jam morior : Deus vos non deseret, 
sed erit vobis 6 praesidio, et deducet vos aliquando ex 
iEgypto in regionem, quam patrlbus nostris proml: it : 
oro vos atque obtestor ut illuc ossa mea deportetis." 

Deinde placide obiit : corpus ejus conditum est, et 
in feretro posltum. 



FABLES. 

1. TlieFly. 

Quadrigae aliquot in stadio currebant, e quibus* mus- 
ca insidebat. c Maximo autern pulvere' ab equis et 
currlbus excitato, musca dixit : " Quantam vim pul- 
verise excitavi ! " 

a 467. b 397. c 237. d 332. e 447. / 372. 



172 



FABLES. 



Haec fabula ad eos spectat, qui, cum ignavi sint,* 
alienam tamen gloriam sibi* vindicare solent. 



2. TJie Hawk and the Countryman. 

Acciplter cum columbam praecipiti insequeretur* 
volatu,* villam' quandam ingressus a rusticc/ captus 
est, quern blande, ut se dimitteret/ obsecrabat: " Non 
enim te laesi," dicens.* Cui rusticus : " Nee hcec," 
respondit, " te laeserat." 

Merito* poena-' afiiciuntur, qui innocentes* laedere 1 
conantur. 



3. The Lion, the Ass, and the Hare. 

Cum quadrupedes bellum contra volucres"* susce- 
pissent, n et leo dux copias suas recenseret/ aslnus et 
lepus praeteribant. 9 Ursus interrogavit, ad quasnam 
res his r uti posset?' Leo respondit: " Asino utar 
tubictne/ et lepore tabellario." 

Nemo est tarn parvus et humilis/ cujus* opera non 
in allqua re utllis esse possit." 



4. TJie Ass, the Ape, and the Mole. 

Querente asino, se cornTbus" carere ; w simia vero, 
caudam sibi deesse ; " Tacete," inquit talpa, "qui 
me oculis x captam esse videatis." y 



a 458. 


e 480. 


i 403. 


m 410. 


b 39). 


/ 431. 


j 430. 


n 459. 


c 459. 


g 455. 


k 356. 


o 347. 


d 430. 


h 400. 


1 478. 


p 494. 



q 367. t 360. w 479. 
r 496. m 460. x 435. 
s 471. v 437. y 468 & 365 



FABLES. 173 

5. The Reed and the Oak. 

Disceptabant de robore quercus et arundo. Quer- 
cus exprobrabat arundini* mobilitatem/ et c quod ea ad 
quamvis exiguam auram tremeret. d Arundo tacebat. 
Paulo post procella furit, et quercum, quae ei' resis- 
teret/ radicitus evellit ; arundo autem, quae cederet' 
vento, locum servat. 



6. The Nightingale and the Goldfinch 

Luscinia et acanthis ante fenestram in caveis in- 
clusae pendebant. Luscinia incipit cantum suum ju- 
cundissimum. Pater rogat filiolum/ utra avium 71 tarn 
suaviter canat,* et ostendit utramque. Filius statim 
respondet : " Sane haec acanthis est, quay sonos illos 
suavissimos edit; pennas enim habet pulchernmas. 
Altera vero avis satis prodit pennis,* se z suaviter can- 
ere m non posse." n 

Haec fabiila reprehendit illos, qui* homines ex ves- 
tibus, forma, et conditione tantum aestimant. 



7. The Cuckoo and the Starling. 

Sturnum, qui ex urbe aufugerat, cuculus interro- 
gavit : " Quid dicunt homines de cantu nostro ? quid 
de luscinia?" Sturnus : " Maximopere," inquit, 
11 laudant omnes cantum ejus." " Quid de alauda ? " 
w Permulti^" respondet sturnus, " hujus etram cantum 
laudant." " Et quid de coturnice dicunt?" " Non 
desunt/ qui voce ejus delectentur." g M Quid tan- 



a 390. e 391. 


i 471. 


1 419. 


o 399. 


b 399. / 468. 


j 360. 


m 478. 


p 364. 


c 494 & 400. s 3621, 405.400. 


k 430. 


n 479. 


q 466- 


d 474. A 377. 








15 









174 FABLES. 

dem," rogat cuculus, " de me judicant?" "Hoc," 
inquit sturnus, " dicere nequeo ; nusquam enim tui 
fit mentio." Iratus igitur cuculus : " Ne inultus," 
inquit, " vivam," semper de me ipse loquar." 

Ilrec fabula eos spectat, qui semper de se suisque 
mentis loquuntur. 



8. The Wolfy the Dog, and the Shepherd. 

Opilio quidam sseva lue 6 totum suum gregem perdi- 
derat. Quod c cum lupus cognovisset, ad opilionem 
accessit, dolorem socium ei significaturus.** " Ergbne 
verum 6 est," inquit, " te tantam fecisse jacturam, to- 
tumque ovium gregem perdidisse 1 Heu ! quam tui/ 
me g miseret ! Quantus est dolor meus ! " " Gratias 
ago," respondit opilio ; " video te h calamitate mea ve- 
hementer commotum."* " Semper enim," addit canis, 
" dolore afficitur lupus, ubi ex aliorum calamitate ipse 
jacturam facit." 

9. Tlie Pike and the Dolphin. 

Lucius, in amne quodam vivens, pulchritudine/ 
magnitudine ac robore ceteros ejusdem fluminis pisces 
longe excedebat. Unde cuncti eum* admirabantur, et 
tanquam regem praecipue prosequebantur honored 
Quare in superbiam elatus, majorem principatum 
coepit appetere. . Relicto igitur amne, m in quo multos 
annos n regnaverat, mare est ingressus, ut et ipsius 
imperium sibi vindicaret. Sed offendens delphinum* 
mirae magnitudinis, qui in illo regnabat, ita perterre- 
factus est, ut, quam poterat celerrime, in amnem suum 
refugeret,' unde non amplius ausus est exire. 

a 452. d 481. g 401. j 435. m 447. p 480. 

b 430. t 358. h 419. k 399. n 415. q 452, 

« 361 & 362. / 380. i Supply esse. I 432. o Supply muri* 



• FABLES. • 175 

Haec fabula nos admonet, ut rebus" nostris contenti 
ea ne appetamus, 6 quae nostris viribus c longe sunt ma- 
jora. 

1 0. TJie dying Wolf and the Fox. 

Lupus moribundus vitam ante actam perpendebat. 
u Malus quidem fui," inquit, " neque tamen pessTmus. 
Multa male feci, fateor, sed multum etiam boni d per- 
petravi. Agnus aliquando balans, qui a grege aber- 
raverat, tarn prope ad me accedebat, ut facile devo- 
rare possem, sed parcebam illi. e Eodem tempore 7 
convicia ab ove ? quadam in me jactata aequissimo fe- 
rebam ammo,* licet a canibus nihil mihi i metuendunV 
esset." " Atque haec omnia ego testari possum," inquit 
vulpes. " Probe enim rem memini. Nimirum turn 
temporis* accidit,* cum os illud devoratum fauce haere- 
ret, ad quod' extrahendum gruis opem implorare coge- 
baris." 



11. The Apes and the two Travellers. 

Mendax m et verax 77 * simul iter n facientes forte in simi- 
6rum° terram venerant. Quum unus e turba, qui se 
regem simiorum fecerat, eos vidisset, teneri eos p jussit, 
ut audlret quid de se homines dicerent. Simul jubet 
omnes adstare simios p longo ordine 9 dextra laevaque ; 
sed sibi r poni thronum, ut hommum reges facere vide- 
rat quondam. Turn homines in medium adductos ro- 
gat : "Qualisnam vobis 7 " esse videor, hospites?"* Re- 
spondit mendax : " Rex J videris maximus." "Quid* 
hi quos mihi apparere vides ?" " Hi comltes tui sunt, 
hi legati et militum duces." Mendacio laudatus cum 
turba sua, u imperat munus dari adulatori. Turn ad 

• 425. d 377. g 431. j 482. m 356. p 419. $ 420. 

h 452. e 391. k 430. k 364. n 480. q 430. t 371. 

c 444. / 440, • 395. I 487. c 372. r 390. u 434 



17C FABLES. 

veracem simius :* " Et qualis tibi videor ego et illl, 
quos stare ante me vides?" Respondit ille : " Verus 
tu es simius, et simii omnes illi, qui similes tibi." Ira- 
tus rex imperat ilium dentibus et ungulbus lacerari, 
quod vera dixerat. 

Veritas multis odiosa est. 



12. The Nightingale and the Cuckoo. 

Luscinia verno quodam die dulcissime canere coepit. 
Pueri aliquot haud procul aberant in valle lusitantes. 
Hi cum lusui 6 essent intenti, luscinise cantu nihil mo- 
vebantur. Non multo post cuculus cospit cuculare. 
Continuo pueri lusu neglecto ei acclamare, d vocem- 
que cuculi identidem imitari. " Audisne, luscinia,"* 
inquit cuculus, " quanto me isti plausu excipiant/ 
quantopere cantu meo delectentur ? " 7 Luscinia, quae 
nollet* cum eo altercari, nihil impediebat, quo minus 
ille suam vocem miraretur. 71 Interea pastor fistula 
canens cum puella* lento gradu praeteriit. Cuculus 
iterum vociferatur novas laudes captans. At puella 
pastorem* allocuta : " Male sit/'* inquit, " huic cuculo, 1 
qui cantum tuum odiosa voce interstrepit." Quo audi- 
ta cum cuculus # in pudorem conjectus conticuisset, 771 
luscinia tarn suavlter canere coepit, ut se ipsam superare 
velle videretur. 4 Pastor fistulam deponens : " Consi- 
damus* hie," inquit, " sub arbore," et lusciniam audia- 
mus." Turn pastor et puella cantum luscinia? certatim 
laudare coeperunt, et diu taciti intentis aurlbus sedent. 
Ad postremum adeo capta est puella sonorum dulcedi- 
ne,° ut lacrymae qudque erumperent.* Turn luscinia 
ad cuculum conversa : " Videsne," inquit, " quantum 
ab imperitorum opinionibus prudentiorum judicia dis- 
tent V Una sane ex istis lacrymis, quamvis muta, 

a Supply dixit. d Supply capSrunt. 
b 389. e 420. 

• 409. / 471 



^468. 
h 452. 


j 407. 
k 451. 


m 459. 


n 411. 


i 434, 


2 398. 


o 430 



FABLES. 177 

Jocupletior tamen est artis mese testis, quam inconditus 
iste puerorum clamor, quem tantopere jactabas." 

Monet fabiila, magnorum artificum opera non ex 
vulgi opinione, sed ex prudentum existimatione esse 
censenda." 



13. The Sun and the Stars. 

De principatu contendebant sidera ; 
Sol oritur : omnis cessat hie contentio. 

Procerum superbia deficit, cum rex adest. 



14. TJie Dog and the two Hares. 

Unum insecutus in campo leporem canis, 
Videt alterum, et eum similiter studet insequi ; 
Dum vero utrumque capere vult, neutrum capit. 
Sibi ipsa semper aviditas nimia officit. 



15. TJie Lizard and the Tortoise. 

" Tui 6 me c miseret," aiebat testudlrii 
Lacerta, '* quae, quocunque libeat rf vadere," 
Tuam ipsa tecum ferre cogaris/ domum." 

" Q,uod utile/' inquit ilia, " non grave est onus. ,J 



.m 



ITTINGTON AND HIS CAT 



1. Londlni e mercatorlbus ditioribus alTquis puerum 
orbum et egenum recepit in familiam. Qui' cum per 

a 482. 6 380. e 401. d 450. e 476. / 468. ff 362. 



178 WHITTINGTON AND HIS CAT. 

retatu] am nemini" posset operam aliquam commodare, 
negligunt eum, atque in cedibus sinunt libere vagari. 
Is vero, cui 6 Richardus Vittington nomen fuit, hoc sibi 
sponte c sumsit negotii, d ut acus abjectaque funiculorum 
pnesegmlna legeret curioseque custodiret. Quodsi 
acuum dyodecadem aut funiculorum fasciculum colle- 
gisset, ad herum detulit. Herus vero hac re delectaba- 
tur, quippe qui puerum olim parcum futurum* et fidclem, 
inde intelligeret/ Atque ab eo inde tempore magis 
eum curare/ imo diligere/ 

2. Interea vero accidit, ut ostiarius vellet pullos 
fellnos in aquas projicere. Adit herum 7 ' puer, rogatque 
ut permittat sibi felem parvulam educare, quam adultam 
vend at.* Quo 7 ' annuente alit puer et educit feliculam. 
Allquo tempore* post navim z parat herus, qua peregri- 
nas in terras merces venum™ mitteret.* Qui ; cum in 
eo esset, ut navim, rectene ea instructa sit," necne, 
lustraret, obviam ei° fit puer felem in sinu gerens. 
" Quid ? " acclamat herus, " an non et tu habes, Ri- 
charde/ quod venum m mittas 1 "* " Ah ! bene quidem 
tute scis," respondet puer, " egenum me ? esse, neque ha- 
bere quidquam, prceterquam hanc felem." " Quidni 
hancce tuam felem miseris ? " Quo audito puer ac- 
celerat ad navim, felemque imponit. 

3. Solvit navis, atque post menses aliquot ad terram 
hactenus incognitam appellit. Escendunt, r regem hie 
regnare comperiunt. Qui ; cum audisset* peregrmos* 
appulisse, arcessit eorurn rf aliquos, mensaeque* adhtbet. 
At vero in maxima cibariorum copia vix gustandi" ea° 
fuit poteMas. Namque omne cubiculum obsidebatur 
munbus, ilque proterve gregatimque disc»fcU|nt M> in 
mensa, cibum invadebant, quin bolum convfra' e manu 

a 300. e Supply esse. i 465. in Supply ad. q 419. u 485 

b 396. / 4 8. j 369. n47J. r 364. v 483 

e 433. cr Supply capit. k 440. o 398. * 459. to 237 

d 377. h 407. I 117. p 420. t 392. 



WHITT1NGT0N AND HIS CAT. 179 

praeripiebant. Neque rationem quisquam invenire po- 
tuit opprimendi* hoec animalia, quamvis ingenf:n 
pecuniae vim praemio 6 rex proposuisset. Id ubi hospites 
animadverterent/' regi dixerunt attulisse sese' animal, 
quod mures hos ad unum omnes facile posset 7 delere. 

4. Apportata dein felis hem ! quam stragem dedit 
murium ! post semihoram nullus erat in toto cubiculo, 
quern videres" audiresve. Qua re h rex perinde ac de 
regno aliquo donato gaudet, atque felem ducenties mille 
imperiallbus* emit, ut qui essetf supra fidem opulentus. 
Quo* facto domum' nautae properaverunt. Quod si 
mercator ille Londiniensis, navarchus, 7 " fraudulentus 
fuisset et fall ax homo, rem omnem," ut gesta erat, Ri- 
chardum" celasset, aurumque ad suos usus convertisset." 
Sed probiorem eo p hominem vix invenisses. Nam 
simul atque audierat, quantam pecuniam nautas e fele 
fecissent, rf puero* arcessito rem omnem aperit, spondet- 
que sese e aurum ipsi justo tempore 9 redditurum/ 

5. Jubet eum e mercaturam* doceri, et cum pergeret 
puer in fide, assiduitate, et parsimonia, dedit adulto ei 
filiam, quam habebat unam, in matrimonium, eumque 
decedens heredem' ex asse instituit. Atque nta Ri- 
chardus Vittington facultates sibi comparavit quam am- 
plissimas ea, quam a pueritia inde adamarat," parsimo- 
nia. Fors quidem hac in re partem haud levissimam 
sibi deposcit, neque tamen non parsimonia pueri fuit 
eorum, quae evenerunt, causa prima. Namque nemo 
nisi parcus felem, quo posset" olim vendere earn, aluis- 
set ;° neque impetrasset forte ab hero, nisi ante ejus 
favorem parsimonia sua sibi conciliasset, potestatem 
feliculam" banc pro sua habendi. a Atque adeo casus 
ille prosperrimus non evenisset. 

a 485. e 419. i 439. m 347. q 440. u 253, N 

b 397. / 472. j 468. n 405. r Supply esse. v 4.V2. 

c 455. ft 467. k 447. o 450. * 408 & 405. w 483 

d 471. A 427. I 417 v 444. t 404. 



VOCABULARY. 



EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. 



« active. 

adj adjective. 

ado adverb. 

e common gender. 

comp. . . comparative. 

eonj conjunction. 

d doubtful gender. 

def. .... defective. 

dep deponent. 

dim diminutive. 



/. feminine. 

freq. ...frequentative. 

ger gerund. 

imp impersonal. 

inc inceptive. 

ind indeclinable. 

int interjection. 

irr irregular. 

m masculine. 

n neuter. 



n. pass. . . neuter pai alrt 

num. numeral. 

part participle, 

pass passive 

pi plural. 

prep preposition. 

pret preteritive. 

pro pronoun. 

subs substantive. 

sup superlative. 



A. ab, or abs, prep, from; by, 

431 ; of. 
Abduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ab & 

duco,) to take away. 
Abeo, ire, ii, itum, irr. n. 301, (ab 

& eo,) to depart ; to go out. 
Aberam, &c. See Absum. 
Aberro, are, avi, atum, n. (ab & 

erro,) tostray. 
Abii, &LC.WSee Abeo. 
Abjectus, a, urn, part, thrown away; 

cast off: from 
Abjicio, ere, jeci, jectum ; a. (ab & 

jacio,) to throw aivay ; to throw. 
Abrahamus, i, m. Abraham, the 

first of the Jewish patriarchs. 
Abs. See A. 

Absens, tis, part, absent : from 
Absum, esse, fui, irr. n. 258, (ib 

& sum,) to be absent or distant. 
Abundans, tis, part, (abundo,) 

abounding. 
Abundantia, ae, f. abundance ; plen- 

ty: from 
Abundo, are, avi, atum, n. (ab & 

undo,] to abound. 
Ac, conj. and. 
Acanthis, Ydis, f. a goldfinch. 
Accedens, tis, part, j from 



Accedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (ad 

& cedo,) to come to or near ; to 

approach. 
Accelero, are, avi, atum, a. & n. (ad 

& celero,) to hasten; to make haste. 
Accept. See Accipio. 
Accessi. See Accedo. 
AccTdo, ere, cidi, n. (ad & cado,) 

to happen. 
Accldo, ere, cidi, cisum, a. (ad 

& cpedo,) to cut; to cut down; 

to destroy. 
Accio, ire, ivi & ii, itum, a. (ad & 

cio,) to send for. 
Accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (ad 

& capic,) to receive; to take; to 

admit ; to accept of. 
Accipiter, tris, m. a hawk. 
Acclamo, are, avi, atum, n. (ad & 

clamo,) to cry out ; to shout; to 

huzza. 
Accusatus, a, urn, part, being ac- 
cused: from 
Accuso, are, avi, atum, a. (ad & 

causa,) to accuse. 
Acer, acris, acre, adj. 147, fierce. 
Acerbus, a, um, adj. morose ; severe, 
Achaei, 6mm, m. pi. the Achazans. 
Achilles, is, m. Achilles. 



ACIES AFFERO. 



181 



Acies, ei, f. an army in battle-array. 
Actio, onis, f. (ago,) action. 
Actus, a, urn, part, (ago,) done; 

finished : vita ante acta, past life. 
Acus, us, f. 128, a needle. 
Ad, prep, to; at; for ; according to. 
Adamo, are, avi, atum, a. (ad & 

amo,) to love greatly. 
Addico, ere, ixi, ictum, a. (ad & 

dico,) to give up ; to devote. 
Addo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (ad & 

do,) to add ; to give. 
Adduco, ere, uxi, uctum, a. (ad & 

duco,) to bring ; to lead. 
Adductus, a, um, part, (adduco,) 

being brought. 
Ade5, adv. (ad & e5,) so ; so far. 
Adeo, ire, ii, itum, irr. n. 301, (ad 

& eo,) to go to. 
Adeptus, a, um, part, (adipiscor.) 
Adest. See Adsum. 
Adhibeo, ere, ui, Itum, a. (ad & 

habeo,) to use ; to employ ; to ad- 
mit ; to receive : adhibere fidem, 

to give credit to ; to believe. 
Adhibendus, a, um,part. (adhibeo.) 
Adhuc, adv. (ad & hue,) hithzrto ; 

as yet ; still. 
Adii, &c. See Adeo. 
Adimo, ere, emi, emptum, a. (ad 

& emo,) to take away. 
Adipiscor, i, adeptus sum, dep. (ad 

& apiscor,) to acquire; to attain 

to ; to reach. 
Adjuto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. 

318, (adjuvo,) to assist. 
Administro, are, avi, atum, n. & a. 

(ad & ministro,) to manage; to 
| direct. 

Admiror, ari, atus sum, dep. (ad & 

miror,) to admire. 
Admitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (ad & 

mitto,) to admit ; to commit. 
Admoneo, ere, ui, itum, a. (ad & 

moneo,) to admonish. 
Adolescens, tis, c. a youth : from 
Adolesco, ere, olevi, ultum, n. (ad 

& olesco,) to grow up. 
Adorans, tis, part. : from 
Adoro, are, avi, atum, a. (ad & 

oro,) to adore; to reverence. 
Adstans, tis, part. : from 

16 



Adsto, stare, stiti, n. (ad & sto,) 
to stand near. 

Adsum, esse, fui, irr. n. 258, (ad & 
sum,) to be present. 

Adulator, oris, m. (adulor,) a fiat' 
terer. 

Adultus, a, um, part, (adolesco,) 
grown up. 

Adveho, ere, vexi, vectum, a. (ad 
& veho,) to bear ; to carry. 

Advenio, Ire, eni, entum, n. (ad 
& venio,) to come ; to arrive. 

Adventus, us, m. (advenio,) an ar- 
rival ; a coming. 

Adversus, a, um, adj. adverse: res 
adversse, misfortunes ; adversity : 
si quid adversi, if any misfor- 
tune : from 

Adverto, ere, verti, versum, a. (ad 
'& verto,) to turn to. 

Advolo, are, avi, atum, n. (ad & 
volo,) to fly or hasten to. 

iEdes, is, a temple, and pi. iEdes, 
mm, f. a house, temples. 

iEdif ico, are, avi, atum, a. (aedes 
& facio,) to build. 

iEdui, orum, m. pi. the JEduans. 

^Eneas, ae, m. JEneas. 

^Egyptius, a, um, adj. Egyptian; 
subs, an Egyptian : from 

iEgyptus, i. ?. 52, Egypt. 

iEqualis, e, adj. equal; contem- 
porary. 

uiEquor, 6ris, n. a sea : from 

iEquus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
equal; calm; unruffled. 

JEtS, aeris, n. brass ; a statue. 

JEschlnes, is, m. ^Eschines, a Grt 
cian orator. 

iEstas, atis, f. summer. 

iEstlmo, are, avi, atum, a. to esti- 
mate ; to value. 

^Etas, atis, f. age. 

iEtatula, as, f. dim. (setas,) a tender 
age. 

^Eternus, a, um, adj. eternal. 

iEtoli, orum, m. pi. the JEtolians ; 
the inhabitants of jEtolia, a coun- 
try of Greece. 

Affero, ferre, attuli, allatum, irr. a. 
(ad & fero,) 294, to bring; to 
allege; to plead. 



•I 82 



AFFICIO ANTE. 



Afficio, £re, feci, fectum, a. (ad & 
facio.) to affect : afficere poena, 
to punish : dolOre, to grieve. 

AfTigo, ere, xi, xum, a. (ad &. figo,) 
to fix upon. 

Africanus, i, m. Africanus. 

Agens, tis, part, (ago,) driving. 

Ager, agri, m. a Jield ; a territory. 

Aggredior, grodi, gressus sum, dep. 
(ad & gradior,) to attack ; to as- 
sault. 

Aglto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (ago ? ) 
318', to shake. 

Agnosco, ere, ovi, Hum, a. (ad & 
nosco,) to recognize. 

Agnus, i, m. a Iamb. 

Ago, agere, e<n, actum, a. to drive; 
to act; to do; to lead: gratias 
agere, to give thanks. 

Agncola, ae, m. (ager &. colo,) a 
husbandman. 

Ah ! int. ah ! alas ! 

Aio, ais, ait, def. 310, to say. 

Alauda, ae, f. a lark. 

Alexander, dri, m. Alexander, a 
king of Macedonia. 

Alexandria, ae, f. Alexandria, a 
city of Egypt. 

Algor, oris, m. cold. 

Alienus, a, um, adj. (alius,) be- 
longing to another or to others ; 
foreign : a nobis alienum, at va- 
riance with our character : subs. 
a stranger ; a foreigner. 

Aliquando, adv. (alius & quando.) 
once ; formerly ; at length ; finally. 

AlTquis, -qua, -quod & -quid, pro. 
(alius & quis,) 206, some; some 
one ; any. 

Aliquot, ind. adj. (alius & quot,) 
some ; several. 

Alius, a, ud, adj. 144, other; another. 

Alo, alere, alui, alltum or altum, a. 
to maintain ; to feed ; to support ; 
to strengthen. 

Allociitus, a, um, part, addressing : 
from 

Alloouor, loqui, locutus sum, dep. 
(ad & loquor,) to speak to; to 
address. 

Alter, era, eruni, adj. 144, another; 
ill* otlur. 



Altercor, ari, atus sum, dep. (al- 
ter, ) to dispute ; to wrangle. 

Alius, a.um. adj. high; lofty ; deep. 

Ambitus, us, m. bribery. 

Amice, adv. (amicus,) in a friendly 
manner. 

Amicitia, ae, f. friendship : from 

Amicus, i, m. a friend. 

Amicus, a, um, adj. ior, isslmus, 
(amo,) friendly. 

Amitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (a 
& mitto,) to lose. 

Amnis, is, d. 96, a river. 

Amo, are, avi, atum, a. to love: si 
me amas, if you love me, or 1 
pray you. 

Am oenus, a, um, adj. pleasant. 

Amor, oris, m. (amo,) love; affec- 
tion. 

Ampius, i, m. Ampius, a Roman. 

Amplius, adv. (comp. of ample,) 
more : non amplius, no more. 

Ampius, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
g real. 

An, adv. & conj. of doubt or inter- 
rogation ; in indirect questions, 
whether ; in direct questions, it is 
not translated. 

Anchora. ae, f. an anchor. 

Ancus, i, m. Ancus, a Roman king. 

Ango, ere, anxi, a. to strangle; to 
trouble. 

Anima, ae, f. the life ; the soul. 

Animadverto, ere, verti, versum, 
a. (animus & adverto,) to ob- 
serve ; to perceive. 

Animal, alis, n. (anima,) a creature; 
an animal. 

Animus, i, m. the mind ; the dispo- 
sition ; the soul ; courage : esto 
bono ammo, be of good courage ; 
take courage. 

Annlbal, alis, m. Hannibal, a Car- 
thaginian general. 

Annona, ae, f. (annus,) provisions. 

Annulus, i. m. a ritig. 

Annuens, tis, part, consenting : from 

Annuo, ere, ui, n. (ad & nuo,) to 
consent. 

Annus, i, m. a year. 

Ante, prep, before; ante, adv. be 
fore ; formerly. 



ANTEQUAM ASSUESCO. 



183 



Antecjuam, adv. (ante & quam,) 

before. 
Antiochus, i ; m. Antiochus, a king 

of Syria. 
Antonius, i, m. Antony, a Roman 

general. 
Antrum, i, n. a cave. 
Anxius, a, urn, adj. anxious ; soli- 
citous. 
Apenninus, i, m. the Apennines. 
Aper, apri, in. a wild boar. 
Aperio, ire, ui, turn, a. (a & pario,) 

to open ; to disclose. 
Apis, is, f. a bee. 
Appareo, ere, ui, n. (ad & pareo,) 

to appear ; to be seen ; to attend ; 

to wait on. 
Appello, are, avi, atum, a. (ad & 

pello,) to call. 
Appello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (ad & 

pello,) to approach; to arrive. 
Appetens, tis, adj. desirous ; fond: 

appetentior famae, too fond of 

fame : from 
Appeto, ere, ivi, itum, a. (ad & 

peto.) to desire ; to try to obtain ; 

to pursue ; to covet. 
Appius, a, urn, adj. Appian. 
Appius, i, m. Appius, a Roman. 
Appono, ere, sui, sltum, a. (ad & 

pono,) to serve up; to set before 

one. 
Apportatus, a, um, part, being 

brought : from 
Apporto, are, avi, atum, a. (ad & 

porto,) to bring. 
Apprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (ad & 

prehendo,) to lay hold of; to 

seize. 
Apud, prep, with; near; before; 

at: with the name of a person, 

it often signifies at the house of 
Apulia, ae, if. Apulia, a country of 

Italy. 
Aqua, ae, f. water. 
Aquila, ae, f. 66 &. 80, an eagle. 
Ara, ae, f. an altar. 
Arar, aris, m. the rirer Arar, now 

the Saove, in France. 
Arbltror, ari, atus sum, dep. (arbi- 
ter,) to think ; to consider. 
Arbor, oris, f. a tree. 



Arcadia, ae, f. Arcadia, a moun- 
tainous country of Greece. 

Arceo, ere, ui, a. to drive away / 
to debar. 

Arcessitus, a, um, part, being 
called : from 

Arcesso, ere, ivi, itum, a. to send. 
for ; to invite. 

Archimedes, is, m. Archimedes, a 
celebrated mathematician of Syr- 
acuse. 

Arc us, us, m. a bow : pluvius arcus^. 
the rainbow. 

Arduus, a, um, adj. difficult. 

Argenteus, a, um, adj. (argentum,)> 
of silver ; silver. 

Arguo, ere, ui, utum, a. to accuse ; 
to blame. 

Ariovistus, i, m. Ariovistus, a Ger- 
man king. 

Aristides, is, m. AHstides, a Gre~ 
cian general. 

Aristotfles, is, m. Aristotle, an em- 
inent Grecian philosopher. 

Anna, orum, n. pi. arms. 

Armentum, i, n. a herd. 

Aroma, a tis, n. a spice. 

Ars, tis, f. art; skill. 

Artlfex, icis, c. (ars & facio,) an 
artist. 

Artus, us, m. a joint; a limb. 

Arundo, Tnis, f. 94 &, 105, a reed, 

Arx, cis, f. 115 & 95, a citadel; a 
fortress. 

As, assis, m. a unit; a whole; a 
piece of money. 

AsTnus, i, m. an ass. 

Asper, era, erum, adj. rough; ca- 
lamitous ; perilous. 

Asporto, are, avi, atum, a. (abs &■ 
porto,) to carry away. 

Asseciitus. a, um, part, (assequor.) 

Assentior, iri, sus sum, dep. (ad 
& sentio,) to assent. 

Assequor, i, cutus sum, dep. (ad 
& sequor,) to overtake ; to come- 
up with ; to reach. 

AssiduTtas, atis, f. (assiduus,) in- 
dusti-y. 

Assuesco, ere, suevi, etum, n. & a. 
(ad & suesco,) to accustom one'* 
self; to be wont or used. 



184 



AT- 



■ CALAMITOSUS. 



At, conj. but. 

Ater, tra, trum, adj. 143, black. 

Athenae, arum, f. pi. Athens, the 
most celebrated city of Greece. 

Athenienses, ium, m. pi. the Athe- 
nians; the citizens of Athens. 

Atque, conj. and. 

Attic us, i, m. Atticus, a 
guished Roman. 

Attfili, &c. See Affero. 

Auctor, oris, c. (augeo,) an author; 
a leader ; a head. 

Auctorltas, atis, f. (auctor,) author- 
ity. 

Audacia, ae, f. (audax,) audacity. 

Audeo, ere, ausus sum, n. pass, to 
dare. 

Audiendi, ger. : from 

Audio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 280, to hear. 

Auditus, a, um, part, (audio.) 

Aufugio, ere, i, Hum, n. (ab & fu- 
gio ; ) to escape ; to fly from. 

Aura, ae, f. a gentle gale. 

Aureus, a, um, adj. of gold; golden. 

Auris, is, f. an ear. 

Aurum, i, n. gold. 

Ausus, a, um, part, (audeo.) 

Aut, conj. or. 

Autem, conj. but. 

Auxilium, i, n. aid ; assistance ; 
auxiliaries. 

Avaritia, se, f. avarice : from 

A varus, a, um, adj. avaricious. 

Avello, ere, velli or vulsi, vulsuin, 
a. (a & vello,) to pluck off. 

Averto, ere, verti, versum, a. (a &. 
verto,) to turn away. 

Aviditas, atis, f. greediness ; eager- 
ness : from 

Avidus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
desirous; eager; fond; avari- 
cious. 

Avis, is, f. a bird. 

Avus, i, m. a grandfather ; an an- 
cestor. 

Axis, is, m. the axis, {of the earth 
or heavens.) 

B. 

Babylon, onis, f. 52, Babylon, the 
capital of Ciialdea 



Balans, tis, part, bleating : from 

Balo, are, avi, atum, n. to bleat. 

Bandusia, se, f. Bandusia, a foun- 
tain in Italy. 

Beate, adv. happily : from 

Beatus, a, um, adj. (beo,) happy. 

Belgae, arum, m. pi. the Belgians, 
people in the northern part of Gaul. 

Bellum, i, n. war. 

Bene, adv. melius, optime, well. 

Benefacio, ere, feci, factum, n. (be- 
ne & facio,) to benefit. 

Beneficium, i, n. (benefacio,) a ben- 
efit ; a favor. 

Benigne, adv. (benignus,) kindly. 

Benjaminus, i, m. Benjamin. 

Bibo, ere, i, ltum, a. to drink. 

Biduum, i, n. (bis & dies,) two days. 

Biennium, i, n. (bis & annus.) two 
years. 

Blande, adv. (blandus,) gently; 
courteously. 

Bolus, i, m. a morsel. 

Bonum, i, n. a good ; a good thing ; 
a blessing : from 

Bonus, a, um, adj. comp. melior, 
sup. optimus, 177, good. 

Bos, bovis, c. 125, an ox; a cow. 

Brevis, e, ad}, short ; brief: brevi, 
or brevi tempdre, in a short time. 

Brutus, i, m. Brutus, a Roman. 

Byssinus, a, um, adj. (byssus,) of 
fine linen. 



C, an abbreviation of Caius. 

Cado, ere, cecidi, casum, n. to 
fall ; to fail ; to perish. 

Csedo, ere, cecidi, csesum, a. to cut ; 
to slay. 

Csecus, a, um, adj. blind. 

Caelum. See Coelum. 

Caesar, aris, m. Julius Ccesar, the 
first Roman emperor. 

Caesus, a, um, part, (csedo,) slain. 

Caius, i, m. Caius, a common Ro- 
man prcenomen. 

Calamitas, atis, f. (calamus,) loss; 
calamity ; misfortune. 

Calamitosus, a, um, adj. (calami 
tas,) unhappy. 



CALCHAS CICERO. 



1SS 



Calchas, antis, m. Calchas, a Gre- 
cian augur. 

Caleudae, arum, f. pi. the Calends ; 
the Jirst day of the month. 

Calpumius, i, m. Calpumius, a Ro- 
man. 

Camf'lus, i, m. a camel. 

Camillus, i, in. Camillus, a Roman. 

Campus, i, m. a -plain; a field. 

Canens, tis, part. (cano,) singing ; 
playing. 

Caninius, i. m. Caninius, a Roman, 
who was consul only seven hours. 

Canis, is, c. 53, a dog. 

Canistrum, i, n. a basket ; a bread- 
basket. 

Cano, ere, eecmi, can turn, a. to 
sing; to play upon a musical 
instrument : gallus canit, the cock 
crows. 

Cantus, us, m. (cano,) a song, 

Capio, ere, cepi, captum, a. 276, 
to take ; to capture ; to seize ; to 
captivate. 

Capitalis, e, adj. (caput,) capital: 
res capitalis, a capital crime. 

Captans, tis, part, seeking for : from 

Capto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (ca- 
pio,) to seek or strive for. 

Captus, a. urn, part, (capio,) having 
been seized; taken; captivated; 
charmed: captus oculis, blind. 

Capua, ae, f. Capua, a city of Cam- 
pania, in Italy. 

Caput, itis, n. 99, a head; a capital 
city. 

Career, eris, m. a pmson. 

Careo, ere, ui, n. to be without; to 
be in want ; to be destitute of. 

Carmen, mis, n. 107 &, 99, a poem; 
a song. 

Caro, carnis, f.fiesh. 

Carpo, ere, carpsi, carptum, a. to 
crop. 

Cartliaginiensis, e, adj. Carthagin- 
ian: subs, a Carthaginian: from 

Carthago, fnis, f. 105 & 5°2, Car- 
thage, a city in the northern part 
of Africa. 

Carus, a, urn, adj. ior, issfmus, dear, 

Casa, ae, f. a cottage. 

C^seus, i, m. a cheese. 

16* 



Castra, orum, n. pi. a camp. 

Casula, ae, f. dim. (casa,) a little 
cottage. 

Casus, us, m. (cado,) an event ; a- 
misfortune ; chance ; accident, 

Catilina, ae, m. 51, Catiline, a 
profligate Roman, who conspired 
against tlie government of his* 
country. 

Cato, onis, m. Cato, the name of a 
Roman family. 

Cavarinus, i, m. Cavarinus, a king 
of the Seno?ies, in Gaul. 

Cave a, ae, f. a cage. 

Cauda, ae, f. a tail. 

Causa, ae, f. a cause; a reason: 
causa, on account of. 

Cecldi. See Cado. 

Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. to 
yield ; to depart. 

Celer, eris, ere, adj. swift. 

Celentas, atis, f. (celer,) swiftness ; 
despatch. 

Celeriter, adv. celerius, celerrlme,. 
(celer,) swiftly; quickly. 

Celo, are, avi, atum, a. to conceal; 
to conceal from. 

Censeo, ere, ui, um, a. to judge; 
to estimate ; to suppose. 

Censendus, a, um, part, (censeo.) 

Centum, num. adj. pi. hid. 165, a 
hundred. ■ 

Centurio, onis, m. (centum,) a cen- 
turion. 

Cepi. See Capio. 

Certatim, adv. (certo,) earnestly. 

Certe or Certo, adv. (certus,) cer- 
tainly. 

Certus, a, um, adj. ior, issTmus,. 
certain. 

Cervix, Icis, f. the neck. 

Cervus, i, m. a stag. 

Cesso, are, avi, atum, n. to cease; 
to stop. 

Ceterus, era, erum, adj. other; 
the other. 

Chanaan, ind. Canaan. 

Cibaria, orum, n. pi. food ; provis- 
ions : from 

Cibus, i, m. food ; viand. 

Cicero, onis, m. Cicero, an illus- 
trious Roman orator. 



I8G 



CILICIUM CONCILIUM. 



Cilicium, i, n. cloth of goat's hair ; 

sackctotfi. 
Cimbri, orum, m. pi. the Cimbrians. 
Circiter, adv. about ; nearly. 
Circum, prep, around. 
Circumdatus, a, um, part, built 

around: from 
Circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, a. 

(circum & do,) to put or build 

wound. 
Circumsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, a. 

(circum &, sedeo,) to besiege. 
Circumstans, tis, part. : from 
Circumsto, are, steti, statum, a. 

(circum & sto,) to stand around. 
CircumvolIto,are, avi, atum, a. freq. 

(circum & vollto,) to keep Jlying 

round ; to hover round. 
Citatus, a, um, part, (cieo,) excited: 

equo citato, at full gallop : from 
Cito, are. avi, atum, a. freq. (cieo,) 

to excite. 
Cit6, adv. quickly. 
Civis, is, c. a citizen. 
Civitas, atis, f. (civis,) a state ; a city. 
Clamor, oris, m. (clamo,) 92 &, 106, 

a shout. 
Classis, is, f. a feet. 
Clementer, adv. (clemens,) kindly. 
Cneius, i, m. Cneius, a Roman 

prcenomen. 
Codrus, i, m. Codrus, the last king 

of the Athenians. 
Coelum, i, n. sing, heaven. 
Coeno, are, avi, atum, n. (coena,) 

to sup. 
Ccepi, isse, def. 307, / begin or / 

began. 
Cogitandi, ger. : from 
CogTto, are, avi, atum, a. to think ; 

to refect. 
Cogo, ere, coegi, coactum, a. (con 

& ago,) to compel; to force. 
Cognltus, a, um, part, known : from 
Cognosco, ere, novi, nitum, a. 

(con & nosco,) to learn; to hear ; 

to know. 
Conors, tis, f. a cohort. 
Collacrymans, tis, part. ; from 
Collacrymo, are, avi, atum, n. (con 

&. lacrymo,) to weep with; to 

weep. 



Collega, se, m. a colleague. 

Colliffo, ere, legi, lectum, a. (con 
&Teg-o,) to collect. 

Collis, is, m. a hill. 

Colloco, are, avi, atum, a. (con & 
loco,) to place; to set. 

Collum, i, n. the neck. 

Colo, ere, colui, cultum, a. to re- 
spect. 

Colonia, ae, f. (colonus,) a colony. 

Columba, ae, f. a dove ; a pigeon. 

Comedo, ere, edi, esum, a. (con & 
edo,) to eat up; to devour. 

Comes, itis, c. (cum & eo,) a com- 
panion ; an attendant. 

Commemoro, are, avi, atum, a. 
(con & memdro,) to mention. 

Commlgro, are, avi, atum, n. (con 
& migro,) to remove. 

Committo, ere, Isi, issum, a. (con & 
mitto,) to commit ; to intrust. 

Commodo, are, avi, atum, a. (com- 
modus,) to give; to afford. 

Commfidum, l, n. profit; interest; 
advantage. 

Commoneo, ere,ui, ltum, a. (con & 
moneo,) to remind ; to admonish. 

Commoveo, ere, ovi, otum, a. (con 
& moveo,) to move. 

Commotus, a, um, part, (commo- 
veo,) moved; affected. 

Communis, e, adj. common. 

Comparo, are, avi, atum, a. (con 
& paro,) to acquire. 

Compello, ere, uli, ulsum, a. (con &l 
pello,) to force; to compel; to drive. 

Comperio, ire, peri, pertum, a. (con 
& pario,) to learn ; to be informed. 

Complector, i, xus sum, dep. (con & 
plecto,) to surround; to embrace. 

Complexus, a, um, part, (complec- 
tor.) 

Comprobo, are, avi, atum, a. (con 
& probo,) to confirm ; to verify. 

Compulsus, a, um, part, (compello,) 
driven. 

Concedo, ere, cessi, cessum, a. & 
n. (con & cedo,) to go ; to retire. 

Concilio, are, avi, atum, a. (con- 
cilium,) to conciliate. 

Concilium, i. n. a council; an as- 
sembly. 



CONCLATE CONTENTUS. 



187 



Conclave, is, n. (con & clavis,) a 
chamber ; a hall. 

Condemno, are, avi, atum, a. (con 
& damno,) to condemn. 

Condio, ire, Ivi, itum, a. to season; 
to embalm. 

Conditus, a, urn, part, (condio.) 

Conditio, onis, f. condition ; cir- 
cumstances : from 

Condo, ere, Tdi, itum, a. (con &> 
do,) to found ; to build; to con- 
ceal ; to bury ; to place. 

Condono, are, avi, atum, a. (con 
& dono. ) to remit ; to pardon ; 
to forgive. 

Confectus, a, urn, part, (conficio,) 
consumed; destroyed; wasted. 

Confero, conferre, contuli, collatum, 
a. irr. (con & fero,) 294, to bring 
together: conferre se, to betake 
one's self; to go. 

Confestim, adv. immediately. 

Conficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (con & 
facio,) to make; to prepare; to 
overpower ; to consume. 

Confirmo, are, avi, atum, a. (con & 
firmo,) to encourage ; to assert. 

Confiteor, eri, fessus sum, dep. 
(con & fateor,) to confess; to 
acknowledge. 

Conflictus, us, m. (confllgo,) a col- 
lision. 

Congero, ere, essi, estum, a. (con 
& gero,) to collect ; to heap up. 

Conjector, oris, m. (conjicio,) a 
soothsayer ; an interpreter of 
dreams. 

Conjectus, a, um, part, being 
thrown or cast: in pudorem, 
being brought to shame : from 

Conjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (con 
&jacio,) to throw. 

Conjux, ugis, c. (con & jungo,) 
a spouse; a husband; a wife. 

Conor, ari, atus sum, dep. to strive; 
to endeavor. 

Conscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, a. 
(con &. scribo,) to write together. 

Conscnptus, a, um, part, (conscrl- 
bo,) patres conscripti, conscript 
fathers, a title of Roman sena- 
tors. 



Consensus, us, m. (consentio,) con- 
sent. 

Considero, are, avi, atum, a. to con- 
sider ; to think of 

Consido, ere, edi, essum, n. (con <fc 
sido,) to sit down together. 

Consilium, i, n. (consulo,) wisdom; 
counsel; advice; a council; a de- 
sign ; sagacity. 

Consisto, ere, stKi, n. (con& sisto,) 
to consist in; to stop; to draw 
up ; to post one's self 

Consolatio, onis, f. (consolor,) con- 
solation ; comfort. 

Consolatus, a, um, part, from 

Consolor, ari, atus sum, dep. to con* 
sole ; to comfort. 

Conspectus, us, m. sight ; presence, 

Conspergo, ere, si, sum, a. (con <fc 
spargo,) to sprinkle ; to moisten. 

Conspicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. (con & 
specio,) to see; to behold; to per- 
ceive. 

Constituo, ere, ui, utum, a. (con & 
statuo,) to establish; to make; to 
place ; to set. 

Consto, are, stiti, n. (con & sto,) 
to consist of; to cost. 

Construo, ere, struxi, structum, a. 
(con & struo,) to build ; to con- 
struct. 

Consuetudo, inis, f. (consuesco,) 
custom; practice. 

Consul, ulis, m. (consulo,) a consul. 

Consulates, us, m. (consul,) a con- 
sulship. 

Consulo, ere, ui, turn, n. & a. to 
consult; to provide for; to re- 
gard. 

Consumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
a. (con & sumo,) to consume. 

Consumptus, a, um, part, (con- 
sumo.) 

Contendo, ere, tendi, tentum, a. 

(con & tendo,) to contend. 
Contemno, ere, tempsi, temptum, 
a. (con & temno,) to contemn; to 
despise. 
Contentio, 6nis, f. (contendo,) con- 
tention. 
Contentus, a, um, adj. (contineoj 
content. 



188 



CONTICESCO- 



■DE. 



Conticesco, ere, ticui, n. inc. (con- 
tieeo,) to keep silence. 

Comineo, ere, timii, tentum, a. (con 
&. teneo,) to hold; to keep; to 
restrain. 

Contiuu5, adv. immediately : from 

Continuus, a, um, adj. (contineo,) 
continual ; successive. 

Contra, prep, against. 

Contrarius, a, um, adj. (contra,) 
contrary ; repugnant. 

Convenio, Ire, veni, ventum, n. 
(con &. venio,) to assernble; to 
meet : pass. imp. convenitur, peo- 
ple flock. 

Conversus, a, um, part, having 
turned ; turning : from 

Converto, ere, verti, versum, a. 
(con & verto ; ) to turn; to con- 
vert. 

Convicium, i, n. a reproach ; an in- 
sult. 

Convlva, ae, m. & f. (con & vivo,) 
a guest. 

Convivium, i, n. (con & vivo,) a 
feast ; a banquet. 

Convoco, are, avi, atum, a. (con & 
voco,) to call together ; to assem- 
ble ; to convene. 

Copia, ae, f. abundance; copious- 
ness ; troops ; forces. 

Copiose, adv. (copiosus,) abun- 
dantly. 

Coram, prep, before. ; inpresence of. 

Corinthus, i, f. 52, Corinth, a city 
of Greece. 

Cornelius, i, m. Cornelius, a Ro- 
man name. 

Corona, ae, f. a crown. 

Comu, u, n. 127, a horn. 

Corpus, oris, n. a body. 

Coturnix, Icis, f. a quail. 

Credo, ere, Tdi, itum, a. & n. to 
trust; to believe. 

Credulus, a, um, adj. (credo,) cred- 
ulous. 

Creo, are, avi, atum, a. to create ; 
to appoint ; to elect. 

Croesus, i, m. Croesus, a rich king 
of Lydia. 

Crudelis, e, adj. cruel; hard-heart- 
ed: from 



Crudus, a, um, adj. unripe ; crueL 
CubicCilum, i, n. (cubo,) a room; a 

chamber. 
Cuciilo, are, avi, atum, n. to cry 

like a cuckoo : from 
Cuculus, i, m. a cuckoo. 
Cui. See Qui &, Quis. 
Cujus. See Qui & Quis. 
Culmus, i, m. a stalk; a stem. 
Culpa, ae, f. a fault. 
Culpo, are, avi, atum, a. (culpa,) to 

blame. 
Cum, prep, with : similitudo cum 

Deo, resemblance to God. 
Cum, adv. when ; although. 
Cumae, arum, f. pi. the city Cumm p 

in Italy. 
Cuncttis, a, um, adj. all. 
Cupiditas, atis, f. desire; passion: 

from 
Cupidus, a, um, adj. ior, issTmus 

fond; desirous : from 
Cupio, ere, Ivi, itum, a. to desire. 
Cur, adv. why ? 
Cur a, ae, f. care. 

Curiose, adv. (curiosus,) careful! /• 
Curo, are, avi, atum, a. (cura,) to< 

look to ; to regard ; to take care. 
Curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, n. 250, 

to run. 
Currus, us, m. (curro,) a chariot. 
Custodio, ire, ivi, itum, a. to keep ? 

to preserve : from 
Custos, odis, c. a keeper. 
Cyelades, um, f. pi. 52, the Cycla*. 

des, islands in the ^Ega?an Sea. 
Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus, a k'mg of Persia*, 

D. 

Da, &c. See Do. 

Damnatus, a, um, part, condemned* 

from 
Damno, are, avi, atum, a. to con* 

demn. 
Darius, i, m. Darius, a king of 

Persia. 
Datus, a, um, part, (do,) given? 

pledged. 
Davus, i. m. Davus, the name of a 

slave. 
De, prep, of; concerning ; from* 



DEBEO • 



DESUM. 



189 



Debeo, ere, ui, Iftum, a. to owe; 

ought. 
Decedens, tis, part, dying : from 
Decedo, ere, cessi ; cessum, n. (de 

& cedo,) to depart ; to die. 
i Decern, num. adj. ind. ten. 
Decemviri, orum, m. pi. (decern & 

viri,) tJie Decemvirs. 
December, bris, m. (decern,) De- 
cember, the tenth Roman month, 
Decido, ere, cidi, n. (de & cado,) 

to fall ; to fall off. 
Decipio, ere, decepi, deceptum, a. 

(de & capio,) to deceive. 
Declaro, are, avi, atum, a. (de & 

claro,) to proclaim. 
Decussis, is, m. (decern & as,) a 

piece of money of the value of ten 

asses, or five ounces of copper. 
Dedi. See Do. 
Dedo, ere, dedidi, deditum, a. (de 

& do,) to give up ; to surrender. 
! Deduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (de & 

duco,) to bring down; to bHng ; 

to lead. 
Deferi do, ere, fendi, fensum, a. to 

defend. 
Defero, ferre, tiili, latum, irr. a. 

(de & fero,) 294, to carry down; 

to carry. 
Deficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. & n. 

(de & facio,) to fail; to end; to 

be eclipsed. 
Dego, ere, degi, a. & n. (de & 

ago,) to live. 
Deinde & Dein, adv. then. 
Deiotarus, i, m. Deiotarus, a king 



of Galatia. 
>elec 



Delecto, are, avi, atum, a. (de & 

lacto,) to delight; to please. 
| Delectus, a, urn, part, (delig-o,) 

chosen; select. 
Deleo, ere, evi, etum, a. to destroy. 
i DelTgo, ere, legi, lectum, a. (de & 

lego,) to choose ; to select. 
Delos, i, f. 89J, the island Delos 7 

one of the Cyclades. 
Delphi, 6rum, m. pi. Delphi, a town 



of Phocis, in Greece. 
elphln 



Delphlnus, i, m. a dolphin. 
Demereo, ere, ui, itum, a. (de & 
mereo,) to deserve. 



Demeritus, a, um, part, (demereo,) 

deserved. 
Demitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (de & 

mitto,) to let down ; to cast down. 
Demochares, is, m. Demochares f an 

Athenian orator. 
Democritus, i, m. Democritus t a 

Grecian philosopher. 
Demosthenes, is, m. Demosthenes, 

the most celebrated of the Grecian 

orators. 
Demum, adv. at length. 
Denique, adv. finally ; at last. 
Dens, tis, m. 97, a tooth. 
Dentatus, i, m. Dentatus. 
Depono, ere, posui, positum, a. 

(de & pono,) to lay down; to lay 

aside ; to take off. 
Deponens, tis, part, (depono,) lay- 
ing down or aside. 
Deporto, are, avi, atum, a. (de & 

porto,) to carry away ; to con~ 

vey. 
Deposco, ere, poposci, a. (de & 

posco,) to demand ; to claim. 
Depravo, are, avi, atum, a. (de & 

pravus,) to spoil. 
Deprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (de & 

prehendo,) to seize; to find; to 

detect. 
Deprehensus, a, um, part, (depre- 
hendo.) 
Depressus, a, um, part, sunk : 

from 
Deprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. 

(de & premo,) to depress ; to sink. 
Descendo, ere, di, sum, n. (de & 

scan do,) to go down; to descend. 
Descrlbo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, a. 

(de & scribo,) to describe. 
Desero, ere, erui, ertum, a. (de & 

sero,) to forsake ; to desert. 
Despero, are, avi, atum, a. (de & 

spero,) to despair of. 
Destlno, are, avi, atum, a. to deter- 

mine. 
Destrictus, a, um, part, drawn: 

from 
Destringo, ere, strinxi, strictum, a. 

(de & stringo,) to draw. 
Desum, esse, fui, irr. n. (de & 

sum,) to be wanting. 



190 



DETERREO DULCE. 



Deterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. (de & 
terreo,) to deter. 

Detraho, ere, traxi, tractum, a. (de 
& traho,) to take off. 

Detrudo, ere, si, sum, a. (de & tru- 
do,) to thrust down. 

Deus, i, m. 89, God ; a god. 

Devoratus, a, urn, part, swallowed : 
from 

Devoro, are, avi, atum, a. (de & 
voro,) to devour ; to swallow. 

Dextra, ae, f. the right hand. 

Diadema, atis, n. a diadem. 

Dicens, lis, part, saying : from 

Dico, ere, aixi, dictum, a. to say; 
to call. 

Dictator, oris, m. a dictator; a tem- 
porary Roman magistrate with 
unlimited power. 

Dicturus, a, um, part, (dico.) 

Dido, us or onis, f. JDido, a queen 
of Carthage. 

Dies, ei, m. or f. in sing. m. in pi. a 
day. 132 & 133. 

Difricllis, e, adj. 125, 2, ior, llmus, 
(de & faellis,) difficult. 

Digero, ere, gessi, gestum, a. (dis 
&l gero,) to arrange , to explain. 

Digitus, i, m. ajinger. 

Digitus, a, um, adi. worthy. 

Diligenler, adv. (diligens,) diligent- 
ly, carefully. 

Diligentia, ae, f. (diligens,) dili- 
gence. 

Dillgo, ere, lexi, lectum, a. (dis & 
lego,) to tore ; to esteem. 

Dimisi. See Dimitto. 

Dimitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (dis 
& mitto,) to dismiss , to let go. 

Dionysius, i, m. Diomjsius, a tyrant 
of Syrac?ise. 

Dis, ditis, adj. ior, isslmus, rich. 

Discedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (dis 
& cedo,) to depart. 

Discendi, ger. (disco.) 

Discepto, are, avi, auim, n. (dis & 
capto.) to^dispute. 

Discipulus,1,m.8o, a scholar: from 

Disco, ere, didici, a. to learn; to 
know how. 

Discurro, ere, curri & cucurri, cur- 
sum^, (dis & curro ; ) to run about. 



Dispensator, oris, m. (dispenso,) a 

steward. 
Dissidium, i, n. (dissideo,) disagree' 

merit. 
Dissimilis, e, adj. (dis & simflis,) 

unlike. 
Disto, are, n. (dis & sto,) to differ. 
Distribuo, ere, ui, utum, a. (dis & 

tribuo,) to distribute. 
Ditio, onis, f. rule; power; author* 

ity ; dominion. 
Ditis. See Dis. 
Diu, adv. long ; a long time. 
Divfdo, ere, visi, visum, a. to di- 

ride ; to separate. 
Divinltus, adv. from God; provi- 
dentially. 
Divitiacus, i, m. Divitiacus, a chief 

of the JEdui, in Gaul. 
Divitiae, arum, f. pi. (dives,) riches. 
Dixi. See Dico. 
Do, dare, dedi, datum, a. to give: 

stragem dare, to make a slaugh- 
ter: dare negotium, to charge; 

to commission : dare -se in viam, 

to set out on a journey. 
Doceo, ere, ui, turn, a. to teach. 
Doctor, oris, m. (doceo,) a teacher ; 

a preceptor. 
Dolendus, a, um, part, from 
Doleo, ere, ui, n. & a. to grieve ; to 

sympathize in. 
Dolor, oris, m. pain ; grief; sorrow. 
Dominus, ij m. a master; a lord: 

from 
Domus, us & i, f. 129, a house; 

a family ; a household: domum 

properare, to hasten home : domi, 

at home: domo or ex domo, from 

home. 
Donatus, a, um, part, given; pre- 

sented ': from 
Dono,are, avi, atum, a. to give; to 

bestow. 
Donum, i, r\.(dono,)a gifi; a present 
Dormio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, n. to sleep. 
Duco, ere, duxi, ductum, a. to lead; 

to conduct ; to reckon. 
Ducenties, num. adv. (ducenti,) two 

hundred times. 
Dulce, adv. ius, issime, (dulcis,) 

sweetly. 



DULCEDO ■ 



ESCA. 



191 



Dulcedo, mis, f. sweetness : from 

Dulcis, e, adj. ior, issimus, sweet; 
pleasarit. 

Dum, adv. ichite ; whilst ; until. 

Duo, ae, o, num. adi. pi. 163, two. 

Duodrcim, num. adj. ind. pi. (duo 
& decern.) twelve. 

Duplex, icis, adj. (duo & plico,) 
double; twofold. 

Duplus, a, um, num. adj. double; 
twice as large. 

Durus, a, um, adj. hard. 

Dux, ducis, c. a leader ; a command- 
er ; a general. 

Duxi. See Duco. 

Dyodecas, adis, f. a dozen. 

E. 

E, or ex, prep, out of; from; of. 
Ea, &c. See Is. 
Eadem. See Idem. 
Ecce, int. lo ! behold ! 
I Edax, acis, adj. (edo, to eat,) con- 
suming ; destructive. 
Edo, ere, dldi, dltum, a. to send 

forth ; to elevate ; to utter ; to emit. 
Edoceo, ere, docui, doctum, a. (e 

& doceo,) to teach. 
Edoctus, a, um, part, (edoceo.) 
Educo, are, avi, atum, a. to bring 

up ; to train ; to educate. 
Educo, ducere, duxi, ductum, a. 

(e &, duco,) to lead forth; to bring 

up ; to maintain. 
, Effero, eflferre, extuli, elatum, a. 

irr. (ex & fero,) to raise. 
' Erficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (ex 

& facio,) to make; to form; to 

accomplish. 
EfTundo, ere, udi, usum, a. (ex & 

fundo,) to pour out ; to empty. 
I Egenus, a, um, adj. indigent; 

needy : from 
Egeo, ere, ui, n. to need. 
Egestas, atis, f. (egeo,) poverty; 

want. 
Ego, mei, subs. pron. 187, /. 
Egredior, gredi, gressus sum,dep. 

(e & gradior,) to depart from. 
Ei, Eis, & Ejus. See Is. 
Ejusdem. See Idem. 



EjusmSdi, pro. (is & modus,) (used 
only in the genitive,) of such kind. 

Elabor, i, psus sum, dep. (e & la- 
bor,) to glide away. 

Elapsus, a, um, part, (elabor,) hav- 
ing passed away. 

Elatus, a, um, part, (effero,) raised : 
in superbiam elatus, being ren- 
dered proud. 

Elegans, tis, adj. ior, issimus, (ell- 
go,) refined; polished. 

Elicio, ere, ui, Itum, a. to draw 



forth ; to elicit. 
Sloq 



Eloquentia, ae, f. (eloquor,) elo- 
quence. 
Emendus, a, um, part, (emo.) 
Emergo, ere, si, sum, a. 6c n. (e & 

mergo,) to emerge ; to rise. 
Emo, emere, emi, emptum, a. to 

buy ; to purchase. 
Empedocles, is, m. Empedocles, a 

philosopher of A^rigentum. 
En, int. lo ! behold ! 
Enascor, i, natus sum, dep. (e & 

nascor,) to spring up. 
Enim, cow], for. 
Ennius, i, m. Enmus, an early Ro- 

7nan poet. 
Ensis, is, m. a sword. 
Eo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. n. 299, to go. 
Eo, &c. See Is. 
Eodem, &c. See Idem. 
Epaminondas, 83, m. Epaminondas, 

a Theban general. 
Epicurus, i, m. Epicurus, a Grecian 

philosopher. 
Epist6la, a?, f. a letter. 
Equester, tris, tre, adj. (eques,) 

equestrian. 
Equitatus, us, m. cavalry: from 
Equus, i, m. a horse. 
Eram, &c. See Sum. 
Ergo, conj. then; therefore. 
Eripio, ere, ui, eptum, a. (e & ra- 

pio,) to take away. 
Erro, are, avi, atum, n. to err. 
Error, oris, m. (erro,) mistake ; error 
Erudio, ire, Ivi, itum, a. to instruct 
Erumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, a. & 

n. (e & rumpo,) to burst forth 

to appear. 
Esca, ae, (.food; meat. 



192 



ESCENDO EXTINGUO. 



Escendo, ere, scendi, scensum, a. 
(e & scando,) to disembark; to 
land. 

Esse. See Sum. 

Etj conj. and; also; even. 

Etiam, conj. also. 

Eum. See Is. 

Eumenes, is, m. Eumenes, a king 
of Pergamus. 

Euntis, &c See lens. 

Euphrates, is, m. 51, Euphrates, a 
large river of Asia. 

Evado, ere, vasi, vasum, a. (e & 
vado,) to escape. 

Evello, ere, velli or vulsi, vul- 
sum, a. (e & vello,) to tear up. 

Evenio, ire, veni, ventum, n. (e & 
venio,) to happen: imp. it hap- 
pens. 

Evolo, are, avi, atum, n. (e & volo,) 
to fly from. 

Ex, prep. See E. 

Excedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. & 
a. (ex & cedo,) to exceed ; to sur- 
pass. 

Excello, ere, cellui, celsum, n. & 
a. to excel; to surpass. 

Exceptus, a, um, part, (excipio,) ex- 
cepted. 

Excidium, i, n. (excido,) destruc- 
tion. 

Excipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (ex 
& capio,) to receive ; to except. 

Excitatus, a, um, part, being raised ; 
« roused : from 

Exclto, are, avi, atum, a. (ex & 
cito,) to raise ; to excite ; to rouse. 

Exclamo, are, avi, atum, a. & n. 
(ex & clamo,) to cry out; to ex- 
claim. 

Excudo, ere, cudi, cusum, a. (ex 
& cudo,) to make; to form. 

Excusatio, onis, f. (excuso,) an ex- 
cuse. 

Exedo, ere & esse, edi, esum, irr. 
a. (ex & edo,) to consume. 

Exemplum, i, n. (eximo,) an exam- 
ple. 

Exeo, ire, ii, irr. n. (ex & eo,) 299, 
to go out; to come forth; to 
ascend. 

Exercltus, us, m. (exerceo,) an army. 



Exhibeo, ere, ui, Itum, a. (ex & 
habeo,) to show; to exhibit. 

Exiguus, a, um, adj. small; HgJii. 

Exlns, e, adj. thin; meagre. 

Existimatio,6nis, f. (existimo,) opin- 
ion ; judgment. 

Exitiosus, a, um, adj. destructive: 
from 

Exitium, i, n. (exeo,) destruction. 

Exitus, us, m. (exeo,) an end; an 
issue. 

Expectatio, onis, f. expectation: 
from 

Expecto, are, avi, atum, a. to wait 
for ; to expect. 

Expello, ere, puli, pulsum, a. (ex 
& peilo,) to expel ; to banish. 

Experior, iri, expertus sum, dep. to 
try; to prove ; to find out. 

Expergiscor, i, rectus sum, dep. to 
awake. 

Experrectus, a, um, part, (expergis- 
cor,) having awaked. 

Expers, tis, adj. (ex & pars,) desti- 
tute. 

Expetendus, a, um, part, from 

Expeto, ere, Ivi, itum, a. (ex & 
peto,) to seek. 

Expilo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex & 
pilo,) to plunder. 

Expleo, ere, evi, etum, a. to fill; to 
satisfy. 

Explico, are, avi & ui, atum & 
itum, a. (ex & plico,) to explain. 

Explorator, oris, m. an explorer; 
a scout : from 

Exploro, are, avi, atum, a. (ex & 
ploro,) to search; to explore; to 
spy out. 

Expono, ere, osui, ositum, a. (ex & 
pono,) to set forth; to relate ; to 
rehearse ; to show. 

Exprtmo, ere, essi, essum, a. (ex & 
premo,) to press out. 

Exprobro, are, avi, atum, a. (ex & 
probrum,) to reproach; to twit 
for ; to charge with. 

Exsolvo, ere, vi, utum, a. (ex & 
solvo,) to loose ; to pay ; to suf- 
fer. 

Extinctus, a, um, part, dead : from 

Extinguo, ere, xi, ctum, a. (ex & 



EXTORQUEO FLAGITO. 



193 



stinguo,) to extinguish : pass, to 

perish ; to die. 
Extorqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, a. (ex 

& torqueo,) to ivrest. 
j Extrahendus, a, um, part, from 
Extraho, ere, traxi, tractum, a. 

(ex & traho,) to draw out; to 

extract. 

F. 

Fabula, ae, f. a fable. 
Faciens, tis, part, (facio,) making. 
! Facies, ei, {.face; countenance. 
Facile, adv. 111s, illime, easily. 
Facinus, oris, n. a bad action; a 
crime ; a deed ; an exploit ; from 
1 Facio, ere, feci, factum, a. & n. to 
make ; to do ; to act : facere jac- 
turam, to suffer a loss : facere 
certiorem, to inform ; to apprize. 
Pass. no. 
Factio, onis, f. (facio,) a party; a 

faction. 
Factum, i, n. (facio,) a deed; an 

action. 
Facturus, a, um, part, (facio.) 
Factus, a, um, part, (fio.) 
Facultas, atis, f. (facilis,) ability: 

facultates, pi. riches. 
Fallax, acis, adj. treacherous; de- 
ceitful : from 
Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, a. to de- 
ceive. 
: Fama, ae, {.fame; a report. 

Fames, is, f. hunger ; famine. 
I Familia, ae, f. a family. 
I Familiaris, e, adj. (familia,) relating 

to a family ; household. 
1 Fanuni, i, n. a temple. 
! Fas, n. hid. right: fas est, it is 

proper. 
' Fasciculus, i, m. (fascis,) a small 

bundle. 
( Fastidium, i, n. disgust. 
Fateor, eri, fassus sum, dep. to con- 
fess ; to oion. 
I Fatigo, are, avi, atum, a. to tire; 
to weary. 
Fatum, i, n.fate. 
Favens, tis, part, favoring : from 
Faveo, ere, favi ; fautum, n. to favor, 

17 



Favor, oris, m. ( faveo, )fav or ; good 
will. 

Fauce, abl. f. (from the obsolete 
faux, cis,) a throat. 

Feci, &c. See Facio. 

Felicula, ae, f. dim. a kitten : from 

Felis, is, f. a cat. 

Fellnus, a, um, adj. (felis,) of or 
belonging to a cat : pullus fellnus, 
a kitten. 

Felix, icis, adj. 154, happy. 

Fenestra, ae, f. a window. 

Fera, ae, f. a wild beast. 

Fere, adv. nearly ; almost. 

Feretrum, i,n.(fero,) a bier. 

Ferinus, a, um, adj. (fera,) of a 
wild beast. 

Ferio, Ire, a. to strike. 

Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 294, 
to bear ; to carry ; to endure ; to 
bring : ferre legem, to propose or 
enact a law. 

Ferrum, i, n. iron ; the sword. 

Fessus, a, um, adj. weary. 

Festinans, tis, part, hastening; in 
haste : from 

Festlno, are, avi, atum, a. & n. to 
hasten ; to be in haste. 

Fidel is, e, adj. ior, isslmus, ( fides, ) 
faithful; trusty. 

Fidenter, adv. boldly, without fear* 

Fides, ei, f. belief; fidelity ; faith ; 
credit; protection: in fidem re- 
cipere, to receive under one's pro- 
tection : bona fide, honestly : su- 
pra fidem, incredibly. 

Figo, ere, fixi, fixum, a. to fix, 

Filia, ae, f. a daughter. 

Filiolus, i, m. dim. a little son : from 

Filius, i, m. 88, a son. 

Finis, is, d. 96, an end. 

Finitimus, a, um, adj. (finis,) neigh- 
boring ; bordeHng -upon. 

Fio, fieri, factus sum, irr. pass, of 
facio, to be made ; to become ; to 
be ; to happen ; to be done. 297. 

Firmus, a, um, a<\}.firm; resolute. 

Fistula, ae, f. a pipe. 

Flaccus, i, m. Flaccus. 

Flagitium, i, n. profligacy ; shame. 

FlagTto, are, avi, atum, a. to de» 
mand ; to solicit. 



194 



FLAVUS GRADUS. 



Flavus, a, um, adj. yellow. 

Flens, Us, part. : from 

Fleo, ere, evi, etum, n. & a. to weep. 

Floreo, ere, ui, n. to flourish : from 

Flos, oris, m. a flower. 

Flumen, Tnis, n. (fluo,) a river. 

Fluvius, i, m. (fluo,) a river. 

Fons, tis, m. a fountain. 

Fore, def. verb, 314, to be about to 
be: fore spopondit, lie promised 
that it should come, to pass, or 
should be. 

Forma, ae, {.figure ; beauty. 

Formica, ae, f. an ant. 

Fors, tis, f. chance ; fortune. 

Forte, adv. (fors,) by chance; per* 
haps. 

Fortis, e, adj. brave. 

Fortuna, ae, f. (fors,) fortune. 

Forum, i, n. a market-place. 

Fovea, ae, f. a pit. 

FragTlis, e, adj. (frango,) frail; in- 
constant. 

Frater, tris, m. a brother. 

Fraudulentus, a, um, adj. (fraus,) 
dishonest. 

Frequenter, adv. (frequens,) fre- 
quently. 

Fretus, a, um, adj. trusting to. 

Frigidus, a, um, adj. (frigus,) cold. 

Frons, dis, f. a leaf. 

Frumentum, i, n. corn. 

Fruor, frui, fruitus &. fructus sum, 
dep. to enjoy. 

Frux, gis, f. fruit ; corn. 

Fugio, ere, fugi, fugttum, n. & a. 
to flee or fly ; to pass away ; to 
avoid ; to shun. 

Fugo, are, avi, atum, a. to rout; to 
put to flight. 

Fui, &c. See Sum. 

Fulgeo, ere, fulsi, n. to shine; to be 
conspicuous. 

Fulmen, Tnis, n. (fulgeo,) lightning. 

Fumo, are, avi, atum, n. (fumus,) 
to smoke. 

Fundo, ere, fudi, fusum, a. to rout. 

Fundo, are, avi, atum, a. to found. 

Fungor, i, functus sum, dep. to exe- 
cute ; to discharge. 

Funiculus, i, m. dim. (funis,) a 
string; a cord; a twine. 



Funus, ens, n. a funeral ; funeral 
rites: funus facere, to perform 
funeral rites. 

Furius, i, m. Furius, a Roman name. 

Furo, ere, n. to rage. 

Furor, ari, atus sum, dep. (fur,) to 
steal. 

Furor, oris, m. (furo,) fury; mad- 
ness. 

Furtum, i, n. (fur,) theft. 

Futurus, a, um, part, (sum,) about 
to be ; future : futurum, sc. tem- 
pus, the future. 

G. 

Gallia, se, f. Gaul. This country 
included France and the north 
part of Italy. 

Gallus, 1, m. a Gaul, an inhabitant 
of Gallia. 

Gallus, i, m. a cock. 

Gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum, n. pass. 
to rejoice ; to be glad. 

Gaudium, i, n. (gaudeo,) joy. 

Gelidus, a, um, adj. cold. 

Gemma, ae, f. a gem ; a bud. 

Gemltus, us, m. (gemo,) a groan. 

Geiver, eri, m. 86, a son-in-law. 

Gens, tis, f. a nation. 

Genus, eris, n. a kind. 

Gerendus, a, um, part, (gero.) 

Gerens, tis, part, (gero,) carrying. 

Germania, ae, f. Germany. 

Germani, orum, m. pi. the Ger- 
mans. 

Gero, ere, gessi, gestum, a. to car- 
ry ; to transact; to have: geiere 
curam, to take care; bellum, to 
vjage war. 

Gestio, ire, Ivi or ii, a. & n. to de- 
sire; to long for. 

Gesto, are, avi, atum, a. froq. 
(gero,) to bear ; to carry. 

Gestus, a, um, part, (gero.) 

Gladius, i, m. a sword. 

Gloria, ae, f. glory. 

Gnavus, a, um, adj. active ; indus- 
trious. 

Gradus, us, m. a step; condition; 
rank: lento gradu, at a slow 
pace; leisurely. 



GR^CUS - 



•TBI. 



195 



Graecus,i,m. a Greek. Adj. Greek. 
Gramen, mis, n. grass ; an herb. 
Grandis, e, adj. large : grandis pe- 

cunia, much money. 
Gratia, ae, f. thanks : from 
Gratus, a, urn, adj. ior, issimus, 

grateful ; agreeable. 
Gravis, e, adj. heavy ; burdensome: 

gravis somnus, deep sleep. 
GravTter, adv. (gravis,) heavily. 
Gregatim, adv. in troops: from 
Grex, gregis, m. a flock; a herd. 
Grus, gruis, m. & f. a crane. 
Gustandi, ger. of tasting : from 
Gusto, are, avi, atum, a. to taste. 

H. 

Habendi, ger. of having: from 

Habeo, ere, ui, Ttum, a. to have; to 
esteem ; to reckon ; to use ; to 
treat : se habere, to be : habere 
ill ammo, to intend. 

Habito, are, avi, atum, a. & n. 
freq. (habeo,) to inhabit; to live ; 
to reside. 

Habitus, a, um, part, (hibeo,) had; 
pronounced ; deliverer. 

Hac, Haec, &c. See i lie. 

Hactenus, adv. (hac & terms,) hith- 
erto. 

Haedus, i, m. a kid. 

Haereo, ere, haesi, haesu n, n. to stick. 

Hamilcar, aris, m. J familcar, a 
Carthaginian general. 

Hammon, onis, m. Amnion, a name 
of Jupiter. 

Hancce. See Hicce. 

Hannibal, alis, m. Hannibal, a very 
celebrated Carthaginian general. 

Haud, adv. not. 

Hebes, etis, adj. stupid. 

Hebraeus, a, um, adj. Hebrew. 

Helena, se, f. Helen, a beautiful 
Grecian queen. 

Helvetii, Orum, m. pi. the Helve- 
tians or Swiss. 

Helvetius, a, um, adj. Helvetian. 

Hem ! int. do but see ! 

Herba, se, f. an herb. 

Hercules, is, m. Hercules, a famous 
Grecian liero. 



Heres, edis, m. & f. an heir : heres 

ex asse, sole heir. 

Herus, \,m. a master. 

Heu ! int. ah ! alas I 

Hi. See Hie. 

Hiberna, orum, n. pi. winter quar- 
ters. 

Hie, haec, hoc, pro. 193, this ; he; 
she ; it. 

Hjc, adv. here ; then ; hereupon. 

Hicce, haecce, hocce, pro. intensive, 
this. 

Hiems, emis, f. winter. 

Hinc, adv. (hie,) hence; from this, 
place. 

Hippocrates, is, m. Hippocrates, a 
famous Grecian physician. 

Hipponiatft, is, m. Hipponiates. 

Hirundo, mis, f. a swallow. 

Historia, ae, f. history. 

Homo, inis, c. a man. 

Honestas, atis, f. honor; virtue: from 

Honestus,a,um,adj.:A072oru£/e;from 

Honor, oris, m. honor. 

Hora, ae, f. an hour. 

Horreum, i, n. a storehouse; a 
granai'y. 

Hortensius, a, um, adj. growing in 
a garden : from 

Hortus, i, m. a garden. 

Hospitium, i, n. an inn : from 

H os pes, itis, c. a stranger ; a guest, 

Hostia, ae, f. a victim. 

Hostllis, e, adj. hostile : from 

Hostis, is, c. an enemy. 

Hostilius, i, m. Hostilius, a Roman 
king. 

Hue, adv. (hie,) hither. 

Hujus, &c. See Hie. 

Hum anus, a, um, adj. (homo,) 
human; humane. 

Humerus, i, m. a shoulder. 

Humilis, e, adj. (humus,) humble. 

Humor ; oris, m. moisture. 

Humus, i, f. the ground. 

Hyperborei, orum, m. the Hyper- 
boreans ; a northern nation. 



Ibam, Ibo, &c. See Eo 
Ibi, adv. (is,) there. 



196 



ICO INDOCTUS. 



Ico, ere, ici, ictum, a. to strike. 
Id. Seel*. 

Idcirco, adv. on that account; there- 



fore. 
Idem, e 



eadem, idem, pro. 195, the 
same. 

Identldem, adv. now and then. 

Ideo, adv. therefore; on that account. 

lens, euntis, part, /eo,) 299. 

Igltur, adv. therefore. 

Ignarus, a, um, adj. ignorant; in- 
experienced. 

Ignavia, se, f. sloth ; idleness : from 

Ignavus, a, um, adj. inactive; in- 
dolent ; idle. 

Ignis, is, m. 96, fire. 

Ignoro, are, avi, atum^n. & a. to 
be ignorant. 

Ii. See Is. 

Me, ilia, illud, pro. 191, he ; she; 
it ; that. 

Tlluc, adv. (ille,) thither. 

Illucesco, ere, luxi, n. (in <fe luces- 
co,) to become light; to dawn: 
imp. ubi illuxit, when it was light. 

Imltor, ari, atus sum, dep. to imi- 
tate. 

Immanis, e. adj. cruel; savage. 

lmmemor, oris, adj. (in & memor,) 
regardless ; unmindful. 

Immmeo, ere, ui, n. (in & mineo,) 
to overhang ; to be near to. 

Immitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (in 
& mitto,) to throw : se, to rush. 

Imm6lo, are, avi, atum, a. to sacri- 
fice. 

Immortalis, e, adj. (in & mortalis,) 
immortal. 

Im6, adv. nay ; naij rather. 

Impar, aris, adj. (in & par,) un- 
even ; odd ; unequal. 

Impedio, ire, ivi, Itum, a. (in & 
pes,) to hinder; to obstruct; to 
prevent. 

Impendeo, ere,n. (in & pendeo,) to 
hang over ; to impend ; to be 
near ; to threaten. 

Imperator, oris, m. (impero,) a 
commander. 

Imperialis, is, m. a crown. 

Imperials, a, um, adj. (in & peri- 
tus,) ignorant; unskilful. 



Imperium, i, n. government; an 

empire ; sovereignty : from 
Impero, are, avi, atum, n. & a. to 

command; to govern. 
Impetro, are, avi, atum, a. (in & 

patro,) to obtain. 
Impius, a, um, adj. (in & pius,) 

impious. 
Impleo, ere, evi, etum, a. to fill. 
Imploro, are, avi, atum, a. (in & 

ploro,) to implore ; to entreat. 
Impono, ere, posui, positum, a. 

(in & pono,) to place; to put on 

board ; to impose ; to place upon. 
Improbe, adv. wickedly; dishon- 
estly: from 
Improbus, a, um, adj. (in & pro- 
bus,) ior, isslmus, wicked. 
Impiidens, tis, adj. (in & pudens,) 

impudent. 
In, prep, in ; into; over ; upon ; to; 

for ; towards ; according to. 
Inanis, e, adj. vain ; frivolous. 
Inceptum, i, n. (incipio,) a design. 
Incfdo, ere, cidi, n. (in & cado,) to 

fall into. 
Incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (in & 

capio,) to begin. 
Inclamo, are, avi, atum, a. & n. (in 

& clamo,) to call to ; to call. 
Includo, ere, clusi, cliisum, a. (in 

& claudo,) to shut up ; to confine. 
Inclusus, a, um, part, (includo,) 

shut up ; confined. 
IncognTtus, a, um, adj. (in & cog- 

nitus,) unknown. 
IncondTtus, a,um, adj. (in & condJ- 

tus,) rude; confused. 
IncredibTlis, e, adj. (in & credib- 

ilis,) incredible. 
Inde, adv. thence ; from thence : ab 

eo inde tempore, from that time : 

a pueritia inde, from childhood. 
Indico, are, avi, atum, a. (in & di- 

co,) to show ; to discover; to dis- 

close. 
Indigreo, ere, ui, n. (in & egeo,) to 

need. 437. 
IndignTtas, atis, f. (indignus,) un- 

worthiness ; baseness ; meanness. 
Indoctus, a, um, adj. (in&doctus,) 

ior. issimus. illiterate; ignorant. 



INDUO INTERSUM. 



197 



Induo, e>e, ui, utum, a. to clothe; 
to cover ; to put on. 

Industrius, a, um, adj. industrious. 

Indiitus, a, um, part, (induo,) cloth- 
ed ; clad. 

Inertia, ae, f. (iners,) inactivity. 

hit am is, e, adj. (in &. fama,) in- 
famous. 

Infelix, icis, adj. (in & felix,) unhap- 
py ; wretched. 

Inferus, a, um, adj. 176, loio. 

Infestus, a, um, adj. hostile. 

Inficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (in & 
facio,) to stain; to infect ; to cor- 
rupt. 

Infimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of infe- 
rus,) lowest; humblest. 

Influo, ere, fluxi, fluxum, n. (in & 
fluo,) to Jlow into. 

Ingenium, i, n. genius ; abilities. 

Ingens, tis, adj. 155, great; vast; 
immense. 

Ingenuus, a, um, adj. ingenuous ; 
noble. 

Ingratus, a, um, adj. (in & gratus,) 
ungrateful. 

Ingravesco, ere, n. (in & gravesco,) 
to grow heavy; to increase. 

Ingredior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. 
(in & gradior,) to enter. 

Ingressus, a, um, part, (ingredior,) 
having entered. 

Inimlcus, a, um, adj. (in & amicus,) 
hostile : subs, an enemy. 

Initium, i, n. (ineo,) a beginning. 

Injicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (in & 
jacio,) to lay or put in or upon. 

Injuria, ae, f. (injurius,) injury; 
wrong. 

Injustitia, ae, f. (injustus,) injustice. 

Innocens, tis, adj. (in & nocens,) 
innocent; harmless. 

Inopia, ae, f. (inops,) want; scar* 
city; dearth. 

Inquam, or Inquio, def. 311, to say. 

Insania, ae, f. (insanus,) madness. 

Insecutus, a, um, part, having fol- 
lowed ; pursuing : from 

Insequor, sequi, secutus sum, dep. 
(in & sequor,) to follow ; to pursue. 

Insero, e>e, erui, ertum, a. (in & 
sero,) to insert ; to put upon. 



Insideo, ere, sedi, sessum, n. & a. 
(in &, sedeo,) to sit upon. 

Insignis, e, adj. (in &, signum,) strik* 
ing; extraordinary; distinguished. 

Insimulo, are, avi, atum, a. (in &, 
simulo,) to accuse. 

Instituo, ere, ui, utum, a. (in & 
statuo,) to make; to appoint. 

Insto, are, stlti, n. (in &, sto,) to 
persist. 

Instruo, ere, struxi, structum, a. 
(in & struo,) to equip ; to ft out. 

Instructus, a, um, part, (instruo,) 
equipped ; ftted out. 

Insula, ae, f. an island. 

Insuper, adv. (in & super,) more* 
over ; over and above. 

Integritas, atis, f. (integer,) honesty ; 
probity ; integHty. 

Intelligo, ere, lexi, lectum, a. (in- 
ter & lego,) to understand; to 
perceive. 

Intentus, a, um, adj. (intendo,) in- 
tent upon ; attentive. 

Inter, prep, among ; between. 

Interea, adv. (inter &. is,) in the 
mean time. 

Intereo, Ire, ii, n. irr. (inter & eo,) 
2.99, to perish. 

Interest, interfuit, imp. (intersum,) 
it concerns. 

Interficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (inter 
& facio.) to kill ; to slay ; to mur- 
der. 

lnterpono, ere, posui, positum, a. 
(inter & pono,) to interpose. 

Interpositus, us, m. (interpono,) an 
interposition. 

Interpres, etis, m. & f. an inter- 
preter. 

Interpretatio. onis, f. interpretation ; 
explanation. 

Interpreter, ari, atus sum, dep. (in- 
terpres,) to interpret; to explain. 

Interrex, egis, m. (inter & rex,) an 
interrex ; a regent. 

Interrogo, are, avi, atum, a. (inter 
& rogo,) to ask. 

Interstrcpo, ere, ui, Ttum, n. & a. 
(inter & strepo,) to interrupt. 

Intersum, esse, fui, irr. n. (inter & 
sum,) to be present. 



198 



INTRODUCO LACEDjEMON. 



Introduco, ere, xi, ctum,a. (intro & 
duco,) to bring in; to introduce. 

Inuhus, a, urn, adj. (in & ultus,) 
unreve?iged. 

Invado, ere, vasi, vasum, a. (in & 
vado 7 ) to fall upon • tr vtl<*, n. 

Invenio. Ira vpri; veiuum, a. (in 
&, venio,) to find; to contrive. 

Inventus; a, urn, part, (invenio.) 

Invideo, ere, Idi, Isum, n. &. a. (in 
& video, ) to envy. 

Invidia, ae, f. envy: from 

Invldus, a ; urn, adj. envious. 

Invlsus, a, um, adj. (invideo,) ha- 
ted ; hateful; odious. 

Ipse, ipsa/ipsum, pro. 198, self; 
myself; himself &c. ; also, I my- 
self ; he himself &c, when ego, 
tu, ille, &c. are understood 5 also, 
he, she, it. 

Ira, ae, f. anger. 

Ire. See Eo. 

Irascor, i, dep. to be angry. 

Iratus, a, um, adj. (irascor,) angry; 
displeased. 

Is, ea, id, pro. 194, he ; she ; it or 
that : in eo esset ut lustraret, was 
upon the point of examining : eo, 
with comparatives, by so much, 
or the. 

Isaacus, i, m. Isaac, the son of 
Abraham. 

Isocrates, is, m. Isocrates, an Athe- 
nian orator. 

Iste, ista, istud, pro. 192, this ; that; 
he; she; it. 

Ister, tri, m. the Ister, now the Dan- 
ube, the largest river of Europe. 

Istic, istaec, istoc &istuc,pro. this; 
that. 

Ita, adv. so. 

Itaque, conj. (ita & que,) and so; 
therefore. 

Iter, itineris, n. 91, a journey : iter 
facere, to go ; to march ; to travel. 

Iterum, adv. again. 

j. 

Jaceo, ere, ui, n. to lie. 
Jacobus, i, m. Jacob, the son of 
Isaac 



1 Jactatus, a, um, part, thrown out; 
spoken; uttered: from 

Jacto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. (ja 
cio ) to throvi to toss; to speak; 
to utter ; to boast of. 

Jactura, ae, f. (jacio,) a loss. 

Jam, adv. now ; already. 

Josephus, i, m. Joseph. 

Jo vis. See Jupiter. 

Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum, a. to com- 
mand ; to order. 

Jucundus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 
sweet ; delightful ; pleasant. 

Judas, as, m. Judah. 

Judico, are, avi, atum, a. (judex,) 
to judge ; to think. 

Judicium, i, n. (judex,) a judgment ; 
an opinion. 

Julius, i, m. Julius. 

Juno, onis, f. Juno, the wife of Ju~ 
piter. 

Jupiter, Jo vis, m. 125, Jupiter, the 
king of gods and men, according 
to the Grecian and Roman my- 
thology. 

Juro, are, avi, atum, n. to swear. 

Jus, juris, n. right. 

Jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, n. (jus 
& jurandum,) an oath. 

Jussi. See Jubeo. 

Jussus, a, um, part, (jubeo.) 

Justitia, ae, f. justice : from 

Justus,a, um, adj. ior, issimus, prop- 
er ; right ; just. 

Juventus, utis, f. (juvenis,) youth; 
the youth. 

Juvo, are, juvi, jutum, a. to aid ; to 
assist. 

Juxta, prep, near to t ; hard by. 



L., an abbreviation of Lucius. 
Labor, oris, m. labor; trouble. 
.Labor, labi, lapsus sum, dep. to 

fall ; to glide. 
Laboriosus, a, um, adj. (labor,) la- 

borious. 
Lac, tis, n. milk. 
Lacedaemon, 6nis, f. Lacedcemon 

or Sparta, a celebrated city of 

Greece. 



LACEDjEMONIUS LUSITO. 



199 



Lacedaemonius, a, urn, adj. Lace- 
demonian: subs, a Lacedemo- 
nian. 

Lacero, are, avi, atum, a. to tear ; 
to tear in pieces. 

Lacerta, ae, f. a lizard. 

Lacryma, ae, f. a tear. 

Laedo, ere, laesi, laesum, a. to in- 
jure ; to hurt. 

Laelius, i, m. Lcelius, a Roman. 

Laesi. See Loedo. 

Laetor, ari, atus sum, dep. to re- 
joice. 

Laeva, ae, f. the left hand. 

Lana, ae, f. wool. 

Laodicea, ae, f. Laodicea, a city of 
Asia. 

Lapis, Idis, m. a stone. 

Laqueus, i, m. a snare ; a trap. 

Lateo, ere, ui, n. to be concealed. 

Latium, i, n. Latium, a country of 
Italy. 

Latro, are, avi, atum, n. to hark. 

Laudatus, a, um, part-being praised: 
from 

Laudo, are, avi, atum, a. (laus,) to 
praise ; to extol. 

Laurus, i «fe us, f. 52, the laurel. 

Laus, laudis, f. praise ; glory. 

Lautus, a, um, adj. elegant; sump- 
tuous. 

Lavo, are, vi, lautum. lotum, or la- 
vatum, a. to wash. 

Leaena, ae, f. a lioness. 

Legatus, i, m. a lieutenant ; an am- 
bassador. 

Leges. See Lex. 

Lego, ere, legi, lectum, a. 250, to 
collect ; to pick up ; to read. 

Lenio, ire, Ivi, itum, a. (lenis,) to 
mitigate ; to assuage. 

LenTter, adv. (lenis,) mildly; kindly. 

Lentulus, i, m. Lentulus, a Roman. 

Lentus, a, um, adj. slow. 

Leo, onis, m. a lion. 

Leonidas, ae, m. Leonidas, a king 
of the Lacedemonians. 

Lepus, oris, m. a hare. 

Levis, e, adj. ior, issimus, smo.ll; 
trifling; light. 

Levo, are, avi, atum, a. (levis,) to 
allay* 



Lex, legis, f. 115 & 95, a law. 
Liber, era, erum, did], fret. 
Liber, bri, m. a book. 
Libere, adv. ( liber, ) freely ; without 

constraint. 
Liberi, drum, m. (liber,) children. 
Libero, are, avi, atum, a. (liber,) to 

free ; to deliver. 
Libertas, atis, f. (liber,) liberty. 
Libet, libuit, or libitum est,* imp. 

it pleases. 
Licet, licuit, & licitum est, imp. it 

is permitted. 
Licet, adv. although. 
Ligo, are, avi, atum, a. to bind; to 

tie. 
Lilium, i, n. a lily. 
Limen, inis, n. a threshold. 
Litera, ae, f. a letter: pi. an epis- 
tle or letter. 
Livius, i, m. Livy,a Roman writer. 
Loco, are, avi, atum, a. (locus,) to 

place. 
Locuples, etis, adj. ior, issimus, 

rich ; ample ; sure. 
Locus, i, m. pi. loci, m. and loca, 

n. a place. 
Locutus, a, um, part, (loquor.) 
Londiniensis, e, adj. of London: 

from 
Londinium, i, n. London. 
Longe, adv. long ; far : from 
Longus, a, um, adj. long. 
Loquor, loqui, locutus sum, dep. 

to speak ; to talk ; to converse. 
Lotus, a, um, part, (lavo,) washed. 
Luceo, ere, luxi, n. (lux,) to shine. 
Lucius, i, m. a pike. 
Luctus, us, m. (lugeo,) grief. 
Lucus, i, m. a grove. 
Ludo, ere, lusi, lusum, n. to play. 
Ludus, i, m. (ludo,) play. 
Lues, is, f. a plague ; a pestilence. 
Lugeo, ere, xi, n. & a. to mourn 

for ; to lament. 
Luna, ae, f. the moon. 
Luo, ere, i, a. to pay; to suffer. 
Lupus, i. m. a wolf. 
Luscinia, ae, f. a nightingale. 
Lusltans, tis, part, from 
LusTto, are, avi, atum, n. freq. 

(ludo,) to play. 



200 



LUSTRO MERCATURA. 



Lustro, are, avi, atum, a. to ex- 
amine. 

Lusus, us, m. (ludo,) play; sport. 

Lutum, i, n. mud ; clay. 

Lux, lucis, f. light. 

Luxi, &c. See Lugeo. 

Lycomedes, is, m. Ltjcomedes, a 
king of the island of Scyi-os. 

Lycurgus, i, m. Lycurgus, the 
Spartan lawgiver. 

Lydus, i, m. a Lydian 

M. 

M., an abbreviation of Marcus. 

Macilentus, a, urn, adj. (macies,) 
lean. 

Magls, adv. sup. maxhne, more. 

Magistrates, us, m. (magister,) a 
magistrate. 

Magnitudo,mis,f. magnitude ; great- 
ness ; size : from 

Magnus, a, um, adj. major, maxl- 
mus, great ; large : magna vox, 
a loud voice : aestimare magni, to 
value highly. 

Major, us, oris, adj. (E. 116,) great- 
er. See Magnus. 

Majores, um, m. pi. ancesto?-s. 

Mal£, adv. (malus,) badly; ill; 
amiss ; wrong : male sit, may mis- 
chief befall ; a plague upon. 

Malo, malle, malui, irr. n. (magis & 
volo,) 290, to prefer ; to choose 
rather. 

Malum, i,n. an evil; misfortune: from 

Malus, a, um, adj. bad; wicked; 
evil. 

Mandatum, i, n. (mando,) order; 
command ; an injunction. 

Mando, are, avi, atum, a. to com- 
mand. 

Mando, ere, mandi, mansum, a. to 
chew ; to eat. 

Mane, adv. in the morning. 

Maneo, ere, mansi, mansum, n. to 
stay i to remain. 

Manifestos, a, um, adj. clear ; em* 
dent. 

Manipulus, i, m. (manus & pleo.) a 
bundle ; a sheaf. 

Manlius, i, m. Manlius. 



Manus, us, f. 128, a hand. 

Marcellus, i, m. Marcellus t a Roman 
general. 

Marcius, i, m. Marcius. 

Marcus, i. m. Marcus. 

Mare, is, n. 118, the sea. 

Marius, i, m. Marius, a Roman gen* 
eral. 

Massiliensis, is, m. an inhabitant of 
Marseilles. 

Mater, tris, f. a mother. 

Matrimonium, i, n. (mater,) mar- 
riage. 

Maturesco, ere, rui, n. (maturus,) to 
ripen ; to come to maturity. 

Mature, are, avi, atum, n. to hasten : 
from 

Maturus, a, um, adj. ripe. 

Maxime, adv. very greatly. See 
Magls. 

Maximopere, adv.(magnus & opus,) 
exceedingly. 

Maximus, a, um, adj. (sup. of mag- 
nus,) greatest; very great: max- 
imus natu, oldest. 

Me. See Ego. 

Mediclna, se, f. medicine : from 

Medicus, i, m. (medeor,) a phy- 
sician. 

Meditor, ari, atus sum, dep. to think; 
to meditate ; to intend. 

Medius, a, um, adj. midst: subs. 
the middle ; the midst. 

Meipsum,7wi/se//\* ace. of ego & ipse. 

Melius, adv. better. See Bene. 

Membrum, i, n. a limb. 

Memini,pret.304&308. 1 remember, 

Memor,6ris, adj. (memini,) mindful, 

Memoria, se, f. (memor,) memory; 
recollection. 

Mendax, acis, adj. lying: subs, a 
liar. 

Mendacium, i, n, (mendax,) a false 
hood. 

Mens, tis, f. the mind. 

Mensa, se, f. a table. 

Mensis, is, m. a month. 

Mentio, onis, f. mention. 

Mercator, oris, m. (mercor,) a mer* 
chant. 

Mercatura, se, f, (mercor,) the tradt 
of a merchant. 



MERCES MCNITUS. 



201 



Merces, edis, f. pay ; reward ; cost. 

Merces. See Merx. 

Mercor, ari, atus sum, dep. to pur- 
chase. 

Mercurius, i, m. Mercury, the mes- 
senger of the gods. 

Mergo, ere, mersi, mersum, a. to 
sink ; to plunge ; to dive. 

Merlt6, adv. (merltus,) deservedly. 

Merltum, i, n. (merltus,) merit; 
kindness ; benefit ; favor. 

Mersus, a um, part, (mergo.) 

Me rum, i, n. pure wine. 

Merx, cis, f. merchandise ; goods. 

Metuendus, a, um, part. : from 

Metuo, ere, ui, a. to fear: from 

Metus, us, m. fear. 

Meus, a. um, pro. 210 & 211, mine. 

Mi. See Meus. 

Mihi. See Ego. 

Miles, itis, c. 110, a soldier : from 

Mille, num. adj. ind. a thousand : 
ducenties milfe, two hundred thou- 
sand : also a subs. n. ind. in the 
sing, in the pi. millia ; millium,&c. 

Milo, onis, m. Milo. 

Miltiades, is, m. Miliiades, an Athe- 
nian general. 

Minime, adv. (sup. of parum,) least; 
by no means. 

Minimus, a, um, adj. sup. (parvus,) 
least : minimus or natu minimus, 
youngest. 

Minister, tri, m. a servant. 

Minus, adv. (eomp. of parum,) less : 
after qu6, not. See Qu6. 
j Mirificus, a. um, adj. (mirus & fa- 

cio,) astonishing. 
I Mirans, tis, part. : from 
| Miror, ari, atus sum, dep. to won- 
der ; to admire ; to be astonished. 
j Mirus, a, um, adj. wonderful. 
| Miser, era, erum, adj. miserable; 

unfortunate. 
I Misereor, eri, eritus or ertus sum, 
dep. (miser,) to pity. 

Misf-ror, ari, atus sum, dep. (miser,) 
to deplore ; to pity. 

Miscrandus, a, um, part, (miseror,) 
to be pitied. 

Miseret, miseruit, miserftum, imp. 
to pity : me miseret, I pity. 



Misi. See Mitto. 

Missus, a, um, part, (mitto,) sent. 

Mitis, e, adj. ior, isslmus, 149, 
mild; kind; humane; ripe. 

Mitto, ere, misi, missum, a. to send. 

MobilTtas, atis, if. (mobtlis,) pliancy; 
want of firmness ; flexibility. 

Moerens, tis, part, mourning : from 

Moereo, ere, ui, n. & a. to mourn. 

Moeror, oris, m. grief; sorrow. 

Moestitia, ae, f. (mcestus,) sadness ; 
grief. 

Mollis, e, adj. ior, issimus, soft. 

MollTter, adv. ius, issime, (mollis,) 
softly ; agreeably. 

Momordi. See Mordeo. 

Moneo, ere, ui, Ttum, a. to admon- 
ish ; to teach ; to advise. 

Mons, tis, m. 97, a mountain. 

Mora, ae, f. delay. 

Morbus, i, m. a disease. 

Mordeo, ere, momordi, morsum, a. 
to bite. 

Moribundus, a, um, adj. at the point 
of death ; dying: from 

Morior, mori, rarely morlri, mortuus 
sum, dep. (mors,) to die. 

Moriturus, a, um, part, (morior.) 

Mors, tis, f. death. 

Morsus, us, m. (mordeo,) a bite. 

Mortalis, e, adj. (mors,) mortal: 
subs, a mortal. 

Mortuus. a, um, part, (morior,) dead, 

Mos, moris, m. manner ; way. ■ 

Moveo, ere, movi, motum, a. to 
move ; to remove. 

Mox, adv. soon ; immediately. 

Mulcto, are, avi, atum, a. to punish. 

Mulier, eris, f. a woman. 

Multitudo, inis, f. (multus,) a multi- 
tude ; the multitude ; the populace ; 
the rabble. 

Mult6, adv. much : non mult6 p6st, 
not long after : from 

Multum, adv. comp. plus, sup. plu- 
nmum, much. 

Multus, a,um, adj. 177, many ; much. 

Mundus, i, m. the world. 

Munio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, n. & a. to 
defend; to fortify. 

Munitus, a, um, part, (munio,) for- 
tified. 



202 



MUNUS NOBILITO. 



M unus, eris, n. an office ; a present. 
Murena, ee, m. Murena, a Roman 

consul. 
Murus, i, m. a wall. 
Mus, muris, m. & f. a mouse. 
Musca, ee, f. a Jly. 
Muslca, ae, & MusTce, es, f. music. 
Muto, are, avi, atum, a. to change. 
Mutus, a, um ; adj. mute; silent. 

N. 

Nam, & Namque, conj- for. 

Nandi, ger. See No. 

Narrandi, ger. (narro.) 

Narrans, tis, part. : from 

Narro, are, avi, atum, a. to tell; 
to relate. 

Nascor, i, natus sum, dep. to be 
born. 

Natalis, e, adj. natal ; native: dies 
natalis, a birthday. 

Natu, m. (nascor.) used in the ab- 
lative singular only , by birth ; in 
age. 

Natura, ae, f. (nascor,) nature; dis- 
position ; constitution. 

Natus, a, um, part, (nascor,) born : 
decern annos natus, ten years old. 

Nauta, ae, m. 51, a sailor. 

Navalis, e, adj. (navis,) naval. 

Navarchus, i, m. a master or owner 
of a ship. 

Navlgo, are, avi, atum, a. & n. 
(navis & ago,) to navigate; to 
sail. 

Navis, is, f. 95, a vessel; a ship. 

No, adv. &. conj. not; that not; 
lest. 

Ne, enclitic conj. in indirect ques- 
tions, whether ; in direct questions 
it is not translated. 

Nee, or Neque, conj. (ne & que,) 
and not ; but not ; nor. 

Necdum, adv. (nee & dum,) and 
not yet ; but not yet. 

Nccesse, adj. ind. necessary. 

Necessltas, atis, f. (necesse ; ) neces- 
sity. 

Necne, adv. or not. 

Neglectus, a, um, part, neglected; 
from, being neglected 



NeglTgo, ere, lexi, lectum, a. (nee 

& lego,) to neglect. 
Nego, are, avi, atum, a. to deny. 
Negotium, i, n. (ncc &. otium,) 

business; employment. 
Nemo, inis, c. (ne &, homo,) no 

one ; no body. 
Nemus, oris, n. a wood. 
Neoptolemus, i, m. Neoptolemus, 

the son of Achilles. 
Nepos, otis, m. a grandson. 
Neptunius, a, um, adj. Neptunian: 

from 
Neptunus, i, m. Neptune, the brotlver 

of Jupiter, and god of the sea. 
Nequaquam, adv. by no means. 
Neque. See Ncc. 
Nequeo, Ire, Ivi <fc ii, Ttum, irr. n. 

(ne & queo,) 299, not to be able; 

I cannot. 
Nequis, nequa, nequod & nequid, 

pro. (ne & quis,) 205, that no one ; 

that nothing ; lest any ; lest some. 
Nescio, ire, Ivi, Itum, a. (ne & scio ; ) 

to be ignorant ; not to know. 
Nescius, a, um, adj. (ne &. scius,) 

ignorant. 
Neuter, tra, trum, adj. 144, neither. 
Nex, necis, f. death. 
Nidus, i, m. a nest. 
Nihil, & Nil, ind. n. nothing : nihil 

boni, no advantage : nihil impe- 

dio, 1 do not hinder: nihil mo- 

veor, 7" am not affected. 
Nil. See Nihil. 
Nilus, i, m. the Nile. 
Nimis, adv. too ; too much. 
Nimlrum, adv. (ne & mirum,) 

doubtless ; certainly. 
Nimiiim, adv. too ; too much: from 
Nimius, a, um, adj. (nimis,) too 

much ; excessive ; very great. 
Nisi, conj. (ne & si,) unless ; except, 
Nisus, i, m. Nisus. 
Nitrosus, a, um, adj. (nitrum,) ro- 

trous. 
Nix, nivis, f. snow. 
No, are, avi, atum, n. to swim. 
NobilTtas, atis, f. (nobllis,) the no 

bility. 
Nobilito, arc, avi, atum, a. (nobllis,) 

to ennoble 



NOBIS OLIM. 



203 



Nobis. See Ego. 

Noceo, ere, in, Hum, a. to hurt; 

to injure ; to impair. 
Nolo, nolle, nolui, irr. n. 290, 291, 

to be unwilling: I will not. 

With an infinitive of another verb, 

nolo is translated by not, and the 

infinitive by an imperative} as, 

esse noli, be not. 
Nomen, Tnis, n. a name: nomine, 

on account of; for the sake of 
Nomino, are, avi, atum, a. (nomen,) 

to call ; to name. 
Non, adv. not. 
Nonne, adv. (non & ne,) not ? non- 

ne est, is it not 1 
Nos. See Ego. 
Noster, tra, trum. pro. 209 & 143, 

our. 
Novem, num. adj. ind. nine. 
Novitas, atis, f. novelty : from 
Novus, a, um, adj. new. 
Nox, noctis, f. night. 
Nubes, is, f. 95, a cloud. 
Nudo, are, avi, atum, a. (nudus,) 

to deprive. 
Nullus, a, um, adj. 144, no; no 

one. 
Num, adv. in indirect questions, 

wliether ; in direct questions it is 

not translated. 
Numen, tnis, n. (nuo,) a deity; a 

god. 
Numero, are, avi, atum, a. to 

count : from 
Numerus, i, m. a number. 
iNumidae, arum, m. pi. the Numid- 
! ians, a people of northern Af 
\ rica. 

jNummus, i, m. apiece of money. 
Nunc, adv. now. 

Nuncio, are, avi, atum, a. to an- 
nounce; to tell; to report; to 

make known : from 
Nuncius, i, m. news; tidings; a 

messenger. 
Nunquam, adv. (ne & unquam,) 

never. 
Nusquam, adv. (ne & usquam,) 

no where: nusquam non, every 

where. 
Nutrix, icis, f. a nurse. 



Nutus, us, m. (nuo,) a nod; will; 
pleasure. 

o. 

O, int. O! ' 

Ob, prep, for ; on account of. 

Obeo, ire, ivi or ii, Hum, a. & n. * 

irr. (ob & eo,) to die. 
Obliviscor, i, oblitus sum, dep. to 

forget. 
Obruo, ere, rui, riitum, a. (ob & 

ruo,) to cover ; to conceal. 
Obsecro, are, avi, atum, a. (ob & 

sacro,) to entreat. 
Obses, Idis, m. & f. (ob & sedeo,) 

a hostage ; a surety. 
Obsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, a. (ob 

& sedeo,) to beset ; to fill. 
Obsidio, onis, f. (obsideo,) a siege. 
Obsto, are, stiti, n. (ob & sto,) to 

oppose. 
Obstupeseo, ere, pui, n. to be ama» 

zed ; to be astonished. 
Obtestor, ari, atus sum, dep. (ob & 

testor,) to adjure ; to beseech. 
Obvenio, ire, eni, entum, n. (ob & 

venio,) to happen; to occur. 
Obviam, adv. (obvius,) in the way: 

fit obviam, he meets. 
Occasio, onis, f. (occldo,) occasion; 

opportunity. 
Occidendus, a, um, part. : from 
Occido, ere, cidi, cisum, a. (ob &, 

caedo,) to kill; to slay. 
Occisus, a, um, part, (occido,) slain. 
Occulto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. 

(occulo,) to conceal; to hide. 
Oculus, i, m. an eye. 
Odi, pret. 304 & 309, 1 hate. 
Odiosus, a, um, adj. (odi,) offensive; 

hateful. 
Ofiendens, tis, part, meeting : from 
Offendo, ere, fendi, fensum, n. & a. 

to come upon ; to meet with. 
Offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatum, a. 

irr. (ob & fero,) to offer; to 

present. 
Officio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (ob & 

facio,) to hinder; to obstruct; to 

hurt. 
Olim, adv. once ; formerly ; here* 

after ; afterwards. 



204 



OMEN PATIOR. 



Omen, friis,"n. an omen; a sign. 
Omnis, e, adj. all ; every. 
Onus, eris, n. a load. 
Opera, se, f. labor ; service. 
Opera, um, n. pi. See Opus. 
Opilio, 6nis, m. a shepherd. 
Opinio, onis, f. opinion ; fancy. 
Opis, gen. (from obsolete ops,) f. 

aid ; assistance ; [A. wealth. 
Oppianicus, i, m. Oppianicus. 
Oppfdum, i, n. 84 & 85, a town. 
Oppressus, a, um, part., and 
Opprimendi, ger. : from 
Opprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. 
(ob & premo,) to subdue ; to de- 
stroy ; to oppress ; to overwhelm. 
Optimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of bo- 
nus,) best. 
Opulentus, a, um, adj. (ops,) rich. 
Opus, eris, n. a work ; an employ- 
ment. 
Opus, ind. subs. & adj. need; ne- 
cessity ; necessary. 
Or a, se, f. a border. 
Oratio, onis, f. (oro,) an oration; a 

speech. 
Orator, oris, m. (oro,) an orator. 
Orbis, is, m. a circle ; the world. 
Orbo, are, avi, atum, a. to deprive : 

from 
Orbus, a, um, adj. orphan; bereft; 
childless : orbum facere, to be- 
reave ; to deprive. 
Ordo, inis, m. a row ; a line. 
Orior, iri, ortus sum, dep. to rise; 

to spring. 
Orno, are, avi, atum, a. to adorn. 
Oro, are, avi, atum, a. to ask ; to 

request ; to crave ; to beg. 
Ortus, a, um, part, (orior,) sprung; 

descended. 
Os, oris, n. the mouth; the face. 
Os, ossis, n. a bone. 
Osculatus, a, um, part.: from 
Osculor, ari, atus sum, dep. (oscfl- 

lum,) to kiss. 
Ostendo, ere, tendi, tensum & ten- 
turn, a. (ob & tendo,) to shoio. 
Ostiarius, i, m. (ostium,) a porter. 
Otium, i, n. inactivity, 
Ovis, is, f. a sheep. 



P. 

P., an abbreviation o/*Publius. 
Pabulum, i, n. (pasco,) pasture/ 

fodder. 
Pacis. See Pax. 
Palliolum, i, n. dim. a cloak or 

mantle : from 
Pallium, i, n. a mantle. 
Palmes, itis, m. the branch of a vine, 
Palus, i, m, a slake ; a pale. 
Palus, udis, f. a marsh; a pool. 
Pan, Panis, m. Pan. 
Panclo, ere, — passum or pansum, 

a. to open. 
Panis, is, m. bread. 
Parandus, a, um, part, (paro,) to 

be prepared. 
Parco, ere, peperci or parsi, n. to 

spare: from 
Parous, a, um, adj. frugal. 
Pario, ere, peperi, partum, a. to 

produce ; to beget ; to obtain. 
Paro, are, avi, atum, a. to prepare; 

to equip ; toft out ; to obtain. 
Pars, tis, f. a part; a portion; a 

share: pi. partes, a region; a 

quarter. 
Parsimonia, se, f. (parco,) frugality. 
Parthi, orum, m. pi. the Parthians, 

a people of Asia. 
Partim, adv. (pars,) partly. 
Parum, comp. minus, sup. minhne, 

adv. little. 
Parumper, adv. awhile; for a shoH 

time. 
Parvulus, a, um, adj. dim. small; 

little : from 
Parvus, a, um, adj. 177. small; 

mean : subs, parvum, a little. 
Pasco, ere, pavi, pastum, a. & Pas- 

cor, i, pastus sum, dep. to feed ; 

to pasture ; to eat. 
Pastor, oris, m. (pasco,) a shepherd. 
Pater, tris, m. 108, a father : ven- 

torum pater, i. e. ^Eolus: pi 

pa.ires t fathers ; senators. 
Patera, ee, f. (pateo,) a goblet. 
Patiens, tis, part. & adj. patient 

from 
Patior, i, passus sum, dep. to suffer 

to endure. 



PATRIA PES. 



205 



Patria, ae, f. (pater,) one's native 
country ; a country. 

Paucas, a, urn, adj. few ; a few. 

Paulatim, adv, (paulus,) gradually ; 
by degrees. 

Paul6, adv. (paulus,) a little. 

Paululiim, adv. a little. 

Pauper, eris, adj. poor. 

Pavor, oris, m. (paveo, )fear; alarm. 

Pax, pacis, f. peace. 

Peccatum, i, n. a fault: from 

Pecco, are, avi, atum, n. to err ; to 
commit a fault or mistake. 

Pectus, 6ris, n. the breast; the 
mind. 

Pecunia, ae, f. money : from 

Pecus, dris, n. a flock. 

Pedis. See Pes. 

Pellicio, ere, exi, ectum, a. to en- 
tice ; to seek to entice. 

Pello, ere, pepuli, pulsum, a. to 
drive away ; to banish ; to rout. 

Pendeo, ere, pependi, n. to hang. 

Penna, ae, f. a feather. 

Peperci. See Parco. 

Peperi. See Pario. 

Per, prep, through ; by ; by means 
of; during; for: per se, by it- 
self; alone. 

Peractus, a, um, part finished: 
from 

Perago, ere, egi, actum, a. (per & 
ago,) to finish. 

Percontatus, a, um, part. : from 

Percontor, ari, atus sum, dep. to 
ask ; to inquire. 

Percussus, a, um, part, from 

Percutio, ere, ssi, ssum, a. (per & 
quatio,) to strike. 

Perditus, a, um, part, ruined ; un- 
done: from 

Perdo, ere, didi, dttum, a. (per & 
do,) to destroy, to lose. 

Peregrinus, a, um, adj. foreign: 
subs, a foreigner ; a stranger. 

Perferendus, a, um, part. : from 

Perfero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. irr. 
(per & fero,) to bear ; to carry. 

Perficio, ere, feci, fectum, a. (per 
& facio,) to cause; to perform; 
to execute* 

18 



Pergo, ere, perrexi, perrectum, n. 

to persevere. 
Periculum, i, n. a trial ; danger ; 

peril. 
Perinde, adv. (per & inde,) equally: 

perinde ac, just as if; as much 

as if. 
Perindulgens, tis, adj. (per & m- 

dulgens,) very kind. 
Peritus, a, um, adj. skilled in; skil" 

ful. 
Perlustro, are, avi, atum, a. (per 

& lustro,) to travel through; to 

traverse. 
Permitto, ere, misi, missum, a. (per 

& mitto,) to permit ; to allow. 
Permultus, a, um, adj. (per & 

multus,) very many. 
Pernicltas, atis, f. (pernix,) swift* 

ness. 
Perpendo, ere, pendi, pensum, a. 

(per & pendo,) to weigh ; to 

consider. 
Perpetro, are, avi, atum, a. (per & 

patro,) to accomplish; to per- 
form. 
Persae, arum, m. pi. the Persians. 
Persequor, i, cutus sum, dep. (per 

& sequor,) to follow ; to pursue. 
PersTcus, a, um, adj. Persian. 
Perspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, a. 

(per & specio,) to examine; to 

perceive. 
Perspicuus, a, um, adj. plain ; evi- 
dent. 
Persuadeo, ere, si, sum, a. (per & 

suadeo,) to persuade. 
Perterrefacio, ere, feci, factum, a. 

(perterreo & facio,) to frighten 

greatly. 
Perterrefactus, a, um, part, fright- 
ened greatly : ffom 
Perterrefio, fieri, factus sum, irr. 

passive of perterrefacio, 296, to 

be greatly frightened. 
Perturbatus, a, um, part. : from 
Perturbo, are, avi, atum, a. (per 

& turbo,) to disturb ; to trouble. 
Pervenio, Ire, eni, entum, n. (per 

& venio,) to come. 
Pes, pedis, m. a foot. 



206 



PESSIMUS PIUEBEO. 



PessYmus, a, um, adj. (sup. of ma- 

lus, 177,) very mischievous ; very 

bad. 
Peto, ere, ivi, Hum, a. to ask ; to 

seek ; to go to ; to travel to. 
Pharao, 6ms, m. Pharaoh, the name 

of many Egyptian kings. 
Pharus, i, f. Pharus, an island and 

town near Alexandria. 
Philippus, i, m. Philip, a king of 

Macedonia. 
Philo, onis, m. Philo, a Grecian 

philosopher. 
Philosophia, as, f. philosophy. 
Philosophus, i, m. a philosopher. 
Pignus, 6ris, n. a pledge ; a proof. 
Pincerna, ae, m. a cup-bearer; a 

butler. 
Pmguis, e, adj. fat. 
Pinus, us & i, f. a pine. 
Piscis, is, m. a fish. 
Piso, onis, m. Piso, a Roman name. 
Pistor, oris, m. (pinso,) a baker. 
Placeo, ere, ui, Ttum, n. to please ; 

to be agreeable. 
Placide, adv. (placldus,) calmly; 

quietly. 
Planctus, lis, m. (plango,) lamenta- 
tion; wailing. 
Planities, ei, f. (planus,) a plain. 
Plato, 6nis, m. Plato, a Grecian 

philosopher. 
Plaustrum, i, n. a wagon. 
Plausus, us, m. (plauao,) applause. 
Plebs, plebis, f. a people. 
PlenUs, a, um, adj./w//. 
Plerumque, adv. for the most part. 
Plerusque, aque, umque, adj. most ; 

the most ; the greatest part. 
Ploro, are, avi, atum, n. & a. to 

lament. 
Plurlmum, adv. (sup. of multum,) 

very much. 
Plurimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of mul- 

tus,) very much; very many; 

most. 
Plus, pluris, adj. (comp. of multus, 

177,) more; higher. 
Pluvius> a, um, adj. rainy. 
Poena, ae, f. punishment. 
Poeni, drum, m pi. the Carthagin* 

ians. 



Pceniteo, ere, ui, n„ to repent. 
Poeta, ae, m. a poet. 
Pompeius, i, m. Pompey, a distin- 
guished Roman general. 
Pomum, i, n. an apple. 
Pone, prep, behind. 
Pono, ere, posui, positum, a. to 

place ; to set : castra, to pitch. 
Pons, pontis, m. a bridge. 
Pontus, i, m. the sea. 
Populus, i, m. a people. 
Porcus, i, m. a pig; a hog. 
Porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, a. to ex* 

tend; to present. 
Porro, adv. moreover; then. 
Porta, ae, f. a gate* 
Portans, tis, part, (porto.) 
Portendo, ere, di ; turn. a. to foretell; 

to forebode. 
Porto, are, avi, atum, a. to carry * 

to convey ; to bear ; to have in 

Jiuence. 
Positus, a, um, part, (pono.) 
Possessio, onis, f. (possideo,) a pos 

session. 
Possum, posse, potui, irr. n. 26TK 

to be able ; I can. 
Post> prep, after. 
Post, adv. after ; afterwards. 
Postea, adv. (post & is,) afterward; 

after that. 
Posteritas, atis, f. posterity : from 
Postera, um, adj. posterior, pos 

tremus, or postumus, 176, fol- 
lowing ; next. 
Postquam, adv. & conj. (post & 

quam,) after. 
Postremus, a, um, adj . ( sup. of posted 

ra,) the last: ad postremum, at last. 
Postulans, tis, part. : from 
Postulo, are, avi, atum, a. to ask / 

to demand. 
Postumus, i, m. Postumus. 
Posui, &c. See Pono. 
Potest, &c. See Possum. 
Potestas, atis, f. (potis,) power; do* 

minion ; opportunity. 
Potio, onis, f. (poto,) drink. 
Potius, adv. ratJier. 
Prae, prep, before; for; more than. 
Prsebeo, ere, ui, a. (prae & habeo,) 

to afford ; to furnish ; to give. 



PR.EBITURUS PROFICISCOR. 



207 



Praebiturus, a, um, part, (praebeo.) 

Praeceps, cipltis, adj. (prse & ca- 
put,) headlong; swift; rapid. 

Praecipio, ere, epi, eplum, a. (prae 
& capio ; ) to take before; to com- 
mand. 

Pnecipito, are, avi, atum, a. (praa- 

• ceps,) to hurry ; to impel. 

Praecipue, adv. (praecipuus,) espe- 
cially ; particularly. 

Praeclarus, a, um, adj. ior, iss/mus, 
(prae & clarus,) celebrated; hon- 
orable. 

Fraecordia, 6rum, n. pi. (prae & 
cor,) the midriff or diaphragm. 

Prsedltus, a, um, adj. furnished 
with. 

Praefectus, I, m. an overseer; a 
chief; a chief officer ; a govern- 
or: from 

Praeficio, ere, eci, ectum, a. (prae 
&. facio,) to set over ; to appoint 
over. 

Praemitto, ere, mfsi, missum, a. 
(prae & mitto,) to send forward. 

Praemium, i, n. a reward. 

Praenosco, ere, novi, notum, a. (prae 
& nosco,) to foreknow. 

Praeripio, ere, ripui, reptum, a. (prae 
& rapio,) to snatch away. 

Prsescio, Ire, ivi, Hum, a. (prae & 
scio,) to foreknow ; to foresee. 

Praesegmen, Inis, n. (prae & seg- 
men,) a piece; a bit; a fragment. 

Praesens, tis, adj. (praesum,) pres- 
ent. 

Praesertim, adv. especially. 

Praesidium, i, n. (praeses,) a de- 
fence; a protection. 

Praestabilis, e, adj. ior, issimus, 
(prae &l stabTlis,) excellent. 

Praesum, esse, fui, n. irr. (prae & 
sum,) to preside over; to have 
the charge of 

Praeter, prep, except; contrary to. 

Praetereo, ire, ii, Itum, irr. n.( praeter 
& eo,) 301, to pass ; to pass by. 

Praeteritus, a, um, part, (praetereo,) 
past. 

Praeterquam, adv. (praeter & quam,) 
except. 

Praetor, Oris, m. a praetor. 



Pravus, a, um, adj. depraved. 
Precor, ari, atus sum, dep. (prex,) 

to 'pray ; to entreat : bene preca- 

ri, to bless; to invoke blessings 

upon. 
Psehendo, ere, di, sum, a. to take ; 

to catch. 
Prehensus, a, um, part, (prehendo,) 

caught. 
Premo, ere, pressi, pressum, a. to 

press ; to straiten ; to distress. 
Pretium, i, n. a price ; a value ; pay. 
Prim6, adv. at first. 
Primum, adv. first: from 
Primus, a, um, adj. (sup. of prior, 

178,) first : a prima aetate,yrow» 

one's earliest years. 
Princeps, Tpis, m. & f. a prince; a 

ruler; a governor. 
Principatus, us, m. (princeps,) do* 

minion ; preeminence. 
Principium, i, n. (princeps,) a be* 

ginning. 
Prior, us, oris, adj. former ; first. 
Pristtnus, a, um, adj. former. 
Priusquam, adv. (prius &. quam,) 

before ; before that. 
Privo, are, avi, atum, a. to deprive. 
Pro, prep, before ; for ; in the place 

Pro, or Proh! int. Of 
Probe, adv. (probus,) well. 
Probo, are, avi, atum, a. to try: 

from 
Probus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 

honest; upright. 
Procedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (pro 

& cedo,) to advance ; to go forth. 
Procella, ae, f. a storm; a tempest. 
Procer, eris, m. a noble. 
Procul, adv. far; far off; at a 

distance. 
ProdTgus, a, um, adj. profuse; lavish. 
Prodo, ere, didi, dltum, a. (pro & 

do,) to make known; to disclose; 

to show ; to appoint. 
Profectus, a, um, part, (proflciscor.) 
Proforo, ferre, tuli, latum, a. irr. 

(pro & fero,) to bring or put forth. 
Proficiseor, i, fectus sum, dep. (pro 

& facio,) to set out; to aepart; 

to go ; to come. 



208 



PROFUGIO QUANTUM. 



Profugio, £re, i, n. & a. to flee ; to 

escape. 
Projicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (pro 

& jacio,) to throw ; to cast. 
Promitto, ere, isi, issum, a. (pro & 

mitto,) to promise. 
Pronus, a, urn, adj. prone; bowing 

down. 
Prope, adv. comp. propius, sup. 

proxime, near; nearly; almost. 
Prope, prep. near. 
Propero, are, avi, atum, n. to hasten. 
Propior, us, adj. 178, nearer ; coinp. 

of proximus. 
Propitius, a, um, adj. favorable; 

propitious. 
Propono, ere, posui, positum, a. 

(pro & pono,) to offer. 
Proposui. See Propono. 
Propter, prep, for ; on account of. 
Prosequor, sequi, seciitus sum, dep. 

(pro & sequor,) to follow : pro- 
sequi honore, to honor. 
Proserpina, ae, f. Proserpine, the 

loife of Pluto. 
Prosper, a, um, adj. ior, errimus, 

174, lucky ; fortunate. 
Pros pe re, adv. prosperously ; well. 
Prosum, desse, fui, irr. n. (pro & 

sum, 258,) to profit. 
Proterve, adv. (protervus,) boldly. 
Protuli, &c. See Profero. 
Providentia, ae, f. foresight ; prov- 
idence: from 
Provideo, ere, vidi, visum, a. (pro 

& video,) to foresee. 
Proximus, a, um, adj. (sup. of pro- 
pior, 178,) very near; nearest; 

next; last. 
Prudens, tis, adj. learned; skilful. 
Publlcus, a, um, adj. (populus,) 

public. 
Publilius, i, m. Publilius, a Roman 

dictator. 
Publius, i, m. Publius, a Roman 

prainomen. 
Pudet, uit, imp. it shames: me 

pudet, I am ashamed. 
Pudor, oris, m. (pudeo,) shame; 

modesty: in pudorem conjicere, 

to bring to shame. 
Puella, ae, f. a girl. 



Puer, eri, m. a boy ; a child. 
Pueritia, se, f. (puer,) childhood, 
Pugna, ae, f. a battle. 
Pugno, are, avi, atum, n. (pugna,) 

to fight. 
Pulcner, chra, chrum, adj. ior, rf- 

mus, 174, beautiful. 
Pulchritudo, mis, f.(pulcher,) beauty. 
Pullus, i, m. a young animal. 
Pulsus, a, um, part, (pello.) 
Pulvis, eris, m. <fc f. dust. 
Purgo, are, avi, atum, a. to purify; 

to clear ; to justify. 
Puteus, i, m. a well ; a pit. 
Putlphar, aris, m. Potiphar. 
Puto, are, avi, atum, a. to suppose ; 

to esteem. 
Pythagoras, ae, m. Pythagoras, a 

Grecian philosopher. 
Pythagoreus, i, m. a Pythagorean. 
Pythia, ae, f. the priestess of ApoU 

at Delphi. 

Q. 

Q., an abbreviation q/*Quintus. 

Quadam. See Quidam. 

Quadriga, ae, f. (quatuor & jugum,) 
a four-horse chariot. 

Quadrupes, edis, adj. (quatuor & 
pes,) four-footed: subs. f. «fc n. 
a quadruped. 

Quae. See Qui. 

Quaenam. See Quisnam. 

Quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesltum, a. 
to seek ; to aim at. 

Qualis, e, adj. of what kind. 

Qualisnam, adj. (qualis & nam,) 
of what sort or nature. 

Quam, adv. & conj. how ; how 
much ; as : quam poterat celerri- 
me, as swift as he could : after 
comparatives, than ; with superla- 
tives, very. 

Quamobrem, adv. (qui, ob, & res,) 
wherefore ; for which cause. 

Quamvis, pro. See Quivis. 

Quamvis, conj. (quam & volo,) al~ 
though. 

Quantopere, adv.(quantus & opus,) 
how much. 

Quantum, adv. how much : from 



QUANTUS RECTE. 



209 



Quantus, a, um, adj. how great; 

how much : tantus — quantus, so 

much — as. 
Quare, adv. (quis & res,) wherefore. 
Quasi, conj. as if 
Quasnam. See Quisnam. 
Quater, adv. (quatuor,) four times. 
Que, enclitic conj. and. 
Quercus, us, f. 52, an oak. 
Querens, tis, part, complaining: 

from 
Queror, queri, questus sum, dep. to 

complain. 
Questus. See. Queror. 
Qui, quae, quod, pro. «01 & 203, 

who; which; what: quo, with 

comparatives, by how much, or 

the: as, quo plures erant, the 

more there were. 
Qui, adv. hcno. 
Quia, conj. because. 
Quid. See Quis. 
Quidam, qusedam, quoddam & 

quiddam, pro. a certain ; a sort of 
Quidem, conj. indeed; certainly; 

at least. 
Quidni, pro.(nom. & ace.) why not ? 
Quidquam. See Quisquam. 
Quies, etis, f. rest; sleep. 
Quin, conj. nay ; nay even ; that not. 
Quinque, num. adj. md.fve. 
Quintus, i, m. Quintus. 
Quippe, conj. as; inasmuch as: 

quippe qui, inasmuch as he. 
Quis, quae, quid, pro. 204, who ? 

which ? what ? also for aliquis, 

any one. 
Quisnam, quaenam, quodnam or 

quidnam, pro. (quis & nam,) 202, 

who ? which ? what ? 
Quisquam, quaequam, quidquam or 

quiequam, pro. (quis & quam,) 

205, any; any one ; any thing. 
Quisque, quaeque, quodque & quid- 

que, pro. (quis & que,) 205, each; 

every one. 
Quisquis.quidquid orquicquid, pro. 

(quis & quis.) 200, whoever. 
Quivis, qutevis. quodvis & quid- 
vis, pro. (qui & volo,) 205, every. 
Quo, pro. See Qui. 
Qu6, adv. & conj. (qui,) tohither ; 

18* 



— that : qu6 minus or quomtnus, 
that not : qu6 minus miraretui, 
from admiring. 

Quocunque, adv. (quo & cumque,) 
whithersoever. 

Quod, pro. See Qui. 

Qu6d, conj. (qui,) that; because: 
quod si, if now ; but if. 

Quodam. See Quidam. 

Quodsi, conj. (quod &. si,) if then; 
but if 

Quomddo, adv. how ; in what man- 
ner. 

Quondam, adv. formerly. 

Quoniam, conj. (quum & jam,) 
since ; as. 

Quonam. See Quisnam. 

Quoque, conj. also. 

Quorsum, adv. (quo & versum,) 
whither? to what ? 

Quotidie, adv. (quot & dies,) daily. 

Quum, or Cum, conj. when. 

R. 

Racilius, i, m. Racilius, a Roman. 

Radicltus, adv. (radix,) by the root. 

Rapidus, a, um, adj. rapid; swift: 
from 

Rapio, ere, ui, turn, a. to plunder. 

Ratio, onis, f. (reor,) 93, reason; 
means; an expedient. 

Recedo, ere, ssi, ssum, n. (re & 
cedo.) to retire. 

Recenseo, ere, ui, Itum, a. (re & 
censeo,) to review ; to muster. 

Receptus, us, m. a retreat. 

Recido, ere, idi, n. (re &. cado,) to 
fall. 

Recipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (re 
& capio,) to take back; to re- 
ceive ; to recover : se recipere, to 
betake himself back ; to return ; 
to retire : recipere animum, to re- 
cover from one's amazement. 

Recondo, ore, dtdi, ditum, a. (re 
& condo,) to lay up; to hoard; 
to hide ; to conceal. 

Recordor, ari, atus sum, dep. to 
recollect; to consider. 

Recte, adv. (rectus,) rightly ; prop- 
erly. 



210 



RECTUM ROBUR. 



Rectum, i, n. (rectus,) rectitude. 
Rectus, a, urn, adj. (rego,) right; 

straight; erect. 
Redditurus, a, urn, part. : from 
Reddo, ere, didi, ditum, a. (re & 

do,) to deliver; to restore; to 

requite; to render. 
Redeo, ire, ii, rtum, irr. n. (re & 

eo,) 301, to return. 
Redigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (re & 

ago,) to reduce. 
Reduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (re & du- 

co,) to lead back ; to restore. 
Refero,ferre,tuli,latum,irr. a. (re& 

fero,) to bring back ; to restore. 
Refert, rettilit, imp. (refero,) it con- 
cerns. 
Refertus, a,um,adj. (refercio,) full. 
Refugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, a. (re 

& fugio,) to Jlee back ; to retreat. 
Refulgeo, ere, fulsi, n. (re & ful- 

geo,) to shine. 
Refulsi. See Refulgeo. 
Regendus, a, um, part, (rego.) 
Regio, onis, f. (rego,) a region; a 

district ; a territory ; a country. 
Regis, &c. See Rex. 
Regius, a, um, adj. (rex,) regal; 

princely. 
Regno, are, avi, atum, n. to reign ; 

to rule : from 
Regnum, i, n. (rex,) a kingdom. 
Rego, ere, rexi, rectum, a. to reign ; 

to rule ; to guide. 
Regredior, i, essus sum, dep. (re & 

gradior,) to return. 
Regressus, a, um, part, (regredior.) 
Rehctus, a, um, part, (relinquo,) 

having been left, 
Religio, onis, f. religion. 
Relinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, a. (re 

«fc linquo,) to leave ; to abandon. 
Remaneo, ere, si, sum, n. (re & 

maneo,) to stay ; to remain. 
Reminiscor, i, dep. to remember. 
Remitto, ere, mlsi, missum, a. (re 

&. milto,) to send back. 
Renuntio, are, avi, atum, a, (re & 

nuntio,) to proclaim. 
Rependo, ere, di, sum, a. (re & 

pendo,) to retuim; to reward; to 

repay. 



Repente, adv. (repens,) suddenly. 
Reperio, ire, peri, pertum, a. (re & 

pario,) to find. 
Repertus, a, um, part, (reperio.) 
Repono, ere, sui, situm, a. (re & 

pono,) to replace; to restore; to 

repay. 
Reporto, are, avi, atum, a. (re & 

porto,) to bring back. 
Reprehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (re & 

prehendo,) to censure. 
Res, rei, f. 132, a thing ; an affair ; 

a material ; an event ; property ; 

circumstances ; a purpose : re ip- 
sa, in fact : res familiaris, estate; 

household affairs. 
Resideo, ere, sedi, sessum, n. (re 

&. sedeo,) to remain; to rest. 
Resisto, ere, stiti, n. (re &. sisto,) 

to resist ; to oppose. 
Respondeo, ere, spondi, sponsum, 

a. (re & spondeo,) to answer ; to 

reply. 
RespublTca, (res & publicus,) gen. 

& dat. rei public ae, ace. rempubli- 

cam, &c. f. a state. 
Restituo, ere, ui, utum, a. (re & 

statuo,) to restore. 
Retineo, ere, ui, en turn, a. (re & 

teneo,) to retain; to keep; to de- 
tain. 
Retuli, &c. See Refero. 
Reversus, a, um, part, (revertor.) 
Reverto, ere, verti, versum, (re & 

verto,) n. & Revertor, i, sus 

sum, dep. to return. 
Rev5co, are, avi, atum, a. (re & 

voco,) to recall. 
Rex, regis, m. 51, a kins;. 
Rhenus, i, m. the river Rhine. 
Rhodanus, i, m. the river Rhone. 
Rhodus, i, f. 52, Rhodes, an island 

and town near the coast of Asia 

Minor. 
Richardus, i, m. Richard. 
Riphaeus, a, um, adj. Riphcean, of 

or belonging to the Riphcean 

mountains in Scythia. 
Rixa, 83, f. a quarrel. 
RobSro, are, avi, atum ; a. to 

strengthen: from 
Robur, 6ns, n. strength. 



ROGO SEPTEM. 



211 



Rogo, are, avi, atum, a. to ask; 
to request 

Roma, ae, f. Rome, tJie chief city of 
Italy. 

Romanus, a. urn, adj. (Roma,) Ro- 
man. 

Romulus, i, m. Romulus, the found- 
er of Rome. 

Rosa, ae, f. a rose. 

Ruben, enis. m. Reuben, a son of 
Jacob. 

Rublgo, mis, f. rust. 

Ruo, ere, i, rutum, n. & a. to fall; 
to rush; to throw one's self. 

Rursus, & Rursum, adv. again ; a 
second time. 

Rus, ruris, n the country. 

Rusticus, i, m. (rus,) a countryman. 

s. 

Saccus, i, m. a sack ; a bag. 
Saeculum, i, n. an age. 
Saepe, adv. ius issime, often. 
Saevus, a, um, adj. cruel ; terrible. 
Sagitta, ae, f. an arrow. 
Salamis, mis, f. 52, Salamis. 
Salus, utis, f. 101, safety ; preser- 

ration. 
Salutatus, a, um, part. : from 
Saluto, are, avi, atum, a. (salus,) to 

salute ; to greet. 
Salvus, a, um, adj. safe; well. 
Sanctus, a, um, adj. holy. 
Sanguis, mis, m. blood. 
Sane, adv. (sanus,) certainly, truly. 
Sapiens, tis, adj. (sapio,) ior, issT- 

mus, wise. 
Sapienter, adv. (sapiens,) wisely. 
Sapientea,se, f. (sapiens,) ivisdom. 
Sapio, indre, ivi & ui. n. to be wise. 
Satis, adj. & adv. enough ; suf- 
ficient ; sufficiently. 
Satisfack), ere, feci, factum, a. 

(satis & facio,) to satisfy. 
Saxum, i, n. a rock. 
Scelus, eris, n. crime. 
Scidi. See Scindo. 
Scilicet, adv. (scio &. licet,) to wit; 

namely. 
Scindo, ere, scidi, scissum, a. to 

tear ; to rend. 



Scio, scire, scivi, scitum, a. to 

know ; to leai-n. 
Scipio, onis, m. Scipio. 
Sciscitor, ari, atus sum, dep. freq. 

(scisco,) to ask; to inquire. 
Scopulus, i, m. a rock. 
Scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptum, a, 

250, to write. 
Scriptor, oris, m. (scribo,) a writer. 
Scriptus, a, um, part, (scribo.) 
Scrutatus, a, um, part. : from 
Scrutor, ari, atus sum, dep. to search. 
Scyphus, i, m. a cup; a goblet. 
Se. See Sui. 

Secund5, adv. a second time : from 
Secundus, a, um, num. adj. ior, is- 

simus, second ; favorable. 
Securis, is, f. an axe ; a hatchet : se- 

curi ferlre or percutere, to behead. 
Secuturus, a, um, part, (sequor,) 

about to follow. 
Secutus, a, um, part, (sequor,) fol- 
lowing, having followed. 
Sed, conj. but. 
Sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, n to sit : 

from 
Sedes, is, f. a seat ; a residence ; a 

habitation. 
Seditio, onis, f. (sedeo,) sedition. 
Sella, ae, f. a seat. 
Semel, adv. once : jam semel, once 

already ; once before. 
Semihora, ae, f. (semi & hora,) 

ha/fan hour. 
Semiramis, Tdis, f. Semiramis, a 

queen of Assyria. 
Semper, adv. always. 
Senator, oris, m. (senex,) a senator. 
Senatus, us, m. (senex,) 126, a sen- 
ate. 
Senectus, utis, f. 101, old age: 

from 
Senex, senis, adj. old: subs. m. 6c 

f. an old man ; an old woman. 
Sensus, us, m. (sentio,) sense; per* 

ception. 
Sententia, ae, f. an opinion ; from 
Sentio, ire, si, sum, a. to perceive / 

to feel. 
Sepelio, ire, sepelivi or sepelii, se- 

pultum, a. to miry. 
Sep tern, num. adj. ind. seven. 



212 



SEPTIMUS SPONDEO. 



SeptTmus, a, vm, num. adj. (sep- 

tem,) the seventh. 
Septuaginta, num. adj. ind.(septem,) 

seventy. 
Sepulcrum, i, n. (sepelio,) a grave ; 

a tomb. 
Sequor, sequi, secutus sum, dep. 

t26, to follow. 
Serenus, a, urn, adj. clear ; bright. 
Sermo, 6nis ; m. a speech; a dis- 
course. 
Servio, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, n. (ser- 

vus,) to serve. 
Servftus, utis, f. (servus 7 ) servitude ; 

slavery. 
Servo, are, avi, atum, a. to keep ; to 

maintain ; to preserve : from 
Servus, i, m. a slave. 
Sese, the same as Se. 
SextUis, e, adj. (sextus,) the sixth : 

Calendse Sextlles, the calends of 

the sixth month f or the first day 

of August. 
Sextius, i, m. Sextius, a Roman 

name. 
Si, conj. if 
Sibi. See Suu 
Sic, adv. so ; thus. 
Siceius, i, m. Siccins (Dentdtus,) a 

brave Roman soldier. 
Sicilia, ae, f. Sicily. 
Sidus, eris, n. a star. 
Significaturus, a, um, part. : from 
SigniPfco, are, avi, atum, a. (signum 

& facio,) to signify ; to express. 
Signum, i, n. a sign; a signal. 
Sim, &,c. See Sum. 
Simeon, dnis, m. Simeon, a son of 

Jacob. 
Simia, se, f. &, Simius, i, m. an ape. 
Similis, e, adj. like. 
Similiter, adv. (similis,) in like 

manner. 
Similitudo, Inis, f. (similis,) resem- 
blance. 
Simul, adv. together; at the same 

time : simul atque, as soon as. 
Sine, prep, without. 
Sinistra, se, f. the left hand. 
Sino, ere, sivi, situm, a. to permit ; 

to suffer* 
Sinus, us, m. a bosom. 



Si quis, si qua, si quod or si quid, 
pro. 205, if any ; if any person 
or thing. This is often written 
Siquis, &c. 

Socius, i, m. a companion ; an ally. 

Socius, a, um, adj. social: dolor 
socius, sympathy. 

Socrates, is, m. Socrates, an illus- 
trious Athenian yhilosoplier, 

Sol, solis, m. the sun. 

Solatium, i,n. (solor,) a consolation. 

Soleo, ere, itus sum, n. pass, to use; 
to be accustomed or wont. 

Solicitude, inis, f. (solicitus,) anx- 
iety ; care. 

Solltus, a, um,part. & adj. (soleo,) 
usual. 

Solum, adv. (solus,) only ; alone. 

Solum, i, n. the ground. 

Solus, a, um, adj. 144, alone. 

Solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, a. to 
loose ; to set sail ; to pay ; to free. 

Somniator, oris, m. a dreamer : 
from 

Somnio, are, avi, atum ; n. to 
dream: from 

Somnium, i, n. a dream : from 

Somnus, i, m. sleep. 

Sonus, i, m. a sound. 

Sordidus,a,um,adj. (sordis,) mean. 

Soror, oris, f. a sister. 

Sors, sortis, f. lot ; destiny. 

Spargo, ere, sparsi, sparsum, a. to 
scatter. 

Species, ei, f. an appearance. 

Spcclatum, supine, to see : from 

Specto, are, avi, atum, a. to look; 
to see ; io concern ; to relate to ; 
to tend ; to point ; to refer. 

Spelunca, se, f. a cave. 

Spero, are, avi, atum, a. to hope. 

Spes, ei, f. hope. 

Spica, se, f. an ear of corn. 

Spirans, tis, part, breathing : from 

Spiro, are, avi, atum, n. to breathe. 

Splendidus, a, um,adj. ior, issimus^ 
(splendeo,) clear; bright; splen- 
did ; magnificent. 

Spolio, are, avi, atum, a. (spolium,) 
to plunder. 

Spoudeo, ere, spopondi, sponsum, 
a. to promise. 



SPONTIS • 



•TAM. 



213 



Spontis, gen. sponte, abl. f. (obso- 
lete spons,) of one's own accord. 
Stadium; i, n. a race-course. 
Statim, adv. (sto,) immediately. 
Statuo ; ere, statui, statutum, a. to 

determine ; to resolve. 
Stella, ae, f. 66 & 80, a star. 
Steti. See Sto. 
Stirps, stirpis, f. a race. 
Sto, stare, steti, statum, n. to stand. 
Stoicus, a, um, adj. Stoic: Stolci, 

subs. m. pi. the Stoics, a sect of 

Grecian philosophers. 
Strages, is, f. (sterno,) slaughter. 
Stramentum, i, n. (sterno,) straw. 
Strepitus, us, m. (strepo,) uproar. 
Studeo, ere, ui, n. to study ; to desire, 
Studiosus,a,um,adj. (studeo,)/o7id. 
Sturnus, i, m. a starling. 
Suavis, e, adj. ior, issimus, sweet. 
Suavlter, adv. (suavis,) sweetly. 
Sub, prep, under; beneath; near. 
Subduco, ere, xi, ctum, a. (sub & 

duco,) to lead away ; to withdraw. 
Subigo, ere, egi, actum, a. (sub & 

ago,) to subdue. 
Subjicio, ere, jeci, ectum, a. (sub & 

jacio,) to subject ; to make subject. 
Subripio, ere, ui, reptum, a. (sub 

& rapio,) to steal; tojilch.. 
Subsidium, i, n. (subsideo,) help; 

assistance ; relief; alleviation. 
Subsisto, ere, stiti, a. & n. (sub & 

sisto,) to stop. 
Subter, prep, under ; beneath. 
Succedo, ere, cessi, cessum, n. (sub 

&cedo,) to succeed; to prosper; 

to approach. 
Succresco, ere, crevi, cretum, n. 

(sub & cresco,) to grow beneath. 
Succurro, ere, curri, cursum, n. (sub 

& curro,) to succor ; to aid. 
Sui, pro. 187, of himself; of her- 
self; of themselves. 
Sum, esse, fui, irr. n. 256, to be; to 

belong to : sunt quibus, to some: 

non est quod, there is no reason 

why. 
Sumendus, a, um, part, (sumo.) 
Summus, a, um, (sup. of superus,) 

highest; supreme; greatest: ad 

aurnmum, at tlie most. 



Sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, a. to 

take ; to take up ; to undertake, 
Sumpsi. See Sumo. 
Supellex, lectilis, f. household goods ; 

furniture. 
Super, prep, over ; on ; upon. 
Superbia, ae, f. pride : from 
Superbus, a, um, adj. proud : (Tar 

quinius,) the Proud. 
Suporjacio, ere, jeci, jactum, a. 

(super & jacio,) to throw over. 
Supero, are, avi, atum, a. (super,) 

to surpass ; to excel. 
Supersum, esse, fui, n. irr. (super 

& sum.) to remain; to survive; 

to be still alive. 
Superus, a, um, adj. 176, (super,) 

high; great. 
Superstes, Itis, adj. (supersto,) sur- 
viving ; outliving : esse or vivere 

superstes, to survive or outlive, 
Supervenio, Ire, veni, ventum, n. 

(super & venio,) to come upon, 
Suppedrto, are, avi, atum, a. & n. 

to furnish ; to supply ; to give. 
Supra, adv. ( superus, )ab ove; Beyond, 
Surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectum, n. & 

a. (sub & rego,) to rise; to raise, 
Suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, a. (sub 

& capio,) to undertake ; to com- 
mence. 
Suspendo, ere, di, sum, a. (sub & 

pendo,) to hang. 
Sustollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum, a. 

(sub & tollo,) to take away, 
Suus, a, um, pro. 215, his; her; 

its; their. 
Sylva, ae, f. a wood. 
Syracusoe, arum, f. pi. Syracuse, 

the principal city of Sicily. 



T. f an abbreviation of Titus. 
Tabellarius, i, m. a courier. 
Tabula, ae, f. a table; a tablet. 
Taceo, ere, ui, Ttum, n. to be silent. 
Tacitus, a, um, part. & adj. (taceo) 

silont. 
Talentum, i, ■> a talent. 
Talpa, ae, f. a mole. 
Tarn, adv. so. 



214 



TAMEN TUBICEN. 



Tamen, conj. yet; nevertheless. 

Tandem, adv. at length ; finally. 

Tango, ere, tetigi, tactum, a. to 
touch. 

Tanquam, adv. (tarn & quam,) as ; 
as if. 

Tantopere, adv. (tantus & opus,) 
so much. 

Tantum, adv. only: from 

Tantus, a, um, adj. so great ; so 
much: tantum abest ut furati si- 
mus, so far are we from having 
stolen. 

Tarquinius, i, m. Tarquin, the 
name of two kings of Rome. 

Taurus, 1, m. a bull. 

Tecum. See Tu, and Cum. 

Tego, ere, texi, tectum, a. to cover. 

Tern plum, i, n. a temple. 

Tempus, oris, n. 113 & 99, time. 

Teneo, ere, tenui, tentum, a. to 
hold ; to detain. 

Tento, are, avi, atum, a. freq. 
(teneo,) to attempt. 

Tenus,«prep. up to. 

Tepor, oris, m. (tepeo,) warmth. 

Terra, ae, f. the earth ; a country ; 
a land. 

Tertius,a,um, num. adj. (tres,)third. 

Testis, is, c. a witness ; evidence. 

Testor, ari, atus sum, dep. (testis,) 
to testify ; to attest. 

Testudo, inis, f. a tortoise. 

Tetrarchia, ae, f. a tetrarchy. 

Teucria, ae, f. Troy. 

Teutdni, orum, m. pi. the Teuioni, a 
people of Germany. 

Theatrum, i, n. a theatre. 

Theophrastus, i, m. Tlieophrastus, 
a Grecian philosopher. 

Thermopylae, arum, f. pi. Thermop- 
ylae, a narrow passage in Thessaly, 
between mount CEta and the sea. 

Thessalonlca, se, f. Thessalonica y a 
town of Macedonia. 

Thronus, i, m. a throne. 

Tihnris, is, m. the Tiber, a river of 
Italy. 

T»bi. See Tu. 

Timoo, ere, ui, a. & n. to fear. 

Tim Id us, a, um, adj. (timeo,) timo- 
rous ; fearful. 



Timor, oris, m. (timeo,) fear; ap- 
. prehension. 

Timotheus, i, m. Timotheus, a Gre- 
cian general. 

Tingo, ere, nxi, nctum, a. to stain t 
to tinge ; to dye. 

Titus, i, m. Titus. 

Toga, se, f. a gown ; a robe. 

Tolerandus, a, um, part, from 

Tolero, are, avi, atum, a. to en- 
dure ; to sustain. 

Tollo, ere, tolli, a. to take away. 

Torques, is, m. & f. (torqueo,) a 
chain; a collar. 

Torndus, a, um, adj. (torreo,) sul- 
try ; fiot. 

Torvus, a, um, adj. grim; savage 

Totidem, num. adj. ind. as many. 

Totus, a, um, adj. 144, all; the 
whole. 

Trado, ere, dTdi, ditum, a. (trans & 
do,) to commit ; to consign. 

Trajicio, ere, jeci, jectum, a. (trans 
& jacio,) to pass over. 

Trans, prep, over, beyond. 

Transeo, Ire, ivi, Hum, irr. a. (trans 
& eo,) 301, to pass over. 

Transfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
(trans & fero,) to transfer; to car- 
ry; to transport. 

Trebia, ae, m. the river Trebia. 

Tremo, ere, ui, n. to tremble; to 
shake. 

Tres, tria, num. adj. 149, three. 

Triennium, i, n. (tres & annus,) 
three years. 

Triginta,num. adj. ind. (tres,) thirty. 

Tristis, e, adj. ior, issimus, sad ; de- 
jected. 

Triticum, i, n. wheat. 

Triumpho, are, avi, atum, n. to 
triumph : triumphare triumphum, 
to celebrate a triumph : from 

Triumphus, i, m. a triumph. 

Troezen, enis, f. Troezen, a town of 
the Peloponnesus. 

Troja, ae, f. Troy, a famous city of 
Asia Minor. 

Trojanus, a, um, adj. Trojan. 

Tu, tui, pro. 187, thou ; you. 

Tubicen, mis, m. (tuba & cano,) a 
trumveter. 



TULI VERBUM. 



215 



Tuli. See Fero. 

Tullus, i, m. Tullus. 

Turn, adv. then : turn temp6ris, at 

tltat time. 
Turn ill Liis, os, m. a tumult. 
Tunc, adv. then. 

Turba, ae, f. a multitude, a retinue. 
Turranius,i, m. Turranius, a Roman. 
Turris, is, f. a tower. 
Tuscus, i, m. a Tuscan. 
Tute, pro. intensive for tu ipse j thou 

thyself 
Tutor, ari,atus sura. dep. (tutus,) to 

defend, to protect. 
Tutus, a, um, adj. ior 7 issimus, safe. 
Tuus, a, um, pro. (lu,) thij ; your. 
Tyrrhenus, a, um, adj. Etrurian; 

2'uscan. 

V. 

Ubertas, atis, f. (uber,) fruitfulness ; 

abundance; plenty. 
Ubi, adv. when ; w/iere. 
Ubique, adv. every where. 
Ulciscor, i, ultus sum, dep. to 

avenge ; to revenge. 
Ullus, a, um, adj. 144, any. 
Umbra, ae, f. a shade; a sliadow. 
Unda, ae, f. a wave ; water. 
Unde, adv. whence ; from which. 
Undecim, num. adj. ind. (unus & 

decern,) eleven. 
Unguis, is, m. a nail ; a claio. 
UnTce, adv. singularly ; exceedingly. 
Uni versus, a, um, adj. (unus & ver- 
sus,) all ; whole. 
Unus, a, um, adj. 144, one ; one 

only; alone: omnes ad unum, all 

without exception. 
Unusquisque, unaquaeque, unum- 

quodque, gen. uniuscujusque, pro. 

205, (unus & quisque,) each. 
Urbs, is, f. 1 14 & 95, a city. 
Ursus, i, m. a bear. 
Usque, adv. even ; even to ; as far as. 
Usus, us, m. (utor,)' use. 
Usus, a, um, part, (utor.) 
Ut, conj. & adv. that; as; as to; 

when ; as soon as ; how : ut qui, 

inasmuch as he. 
Uter, utra, utrum, adj. 144, which ; 

which of the two. 



Utfrque, utrSque, utrumquc, adj. 

(uter & Que,) 144, both; each. 
Utilis, e, adj. useful: from 
Utor, uti, usus sum, dep. to use; to 

exert ; to make use of 
Uva, ae, f. a cluster of grapes. 
Uxor, oris, f. a wife. 



Vacca, se, f. a cow. 

Vaco, are, avi, atum, n. to be free 
from ; to be destitute of. 

Vacuus, a, um, adj. (vaco,) void ;free. 

Vado, ere, vasi, vasum, n. to go. 

Vadum, i, n. a shallow place. 

Va<ror, ari, atus sum, dep. to wan- 
der ; to stroll. 

Vallis, is, f. a vale ; a valley. 

Valerius, i, m. Valerius, a Roman. 

Vanitas, atis, f. (vanus,) emptiness; 
vanity. 

Varius, i, m. Varius, a Roman. 

V ari us, a,um, adj. various. 

Ve, conj. enclitic, or. 

Vehementer, adv. (vehemens,) vehe- 
mently ; extremely. 

Vehendus, a, um, part. : from 

Veho, ere, xi, ctum, a. to carry; to 
convey. 

Veir, drum, m. pi. Veii, a town of 
Etruria. 

Velle. See Volo. 

Velox, ocis, adj. sunft. 

Vendo, ere, dicli, dttum, a. to sell. 

Veneror, ari, atus sum, dep. to rev* 
erence, to worship, to pay respect to, 

Venia, ae, f. pardon, forgiveness : 
bona cum venia, with indulgence^ 
without offence. 

Veniens, tis, part, coming: from 

Venio, ire, veni, ventum, n. to come, 

Venor, ari, atus sum, dep. to limit. 

Venturus, a, um, part, (venio,) 
about to come. 

Ventus, i, m. the wind. 

Venus, i, or us, m. sale: venum, 
for ad venum, for sale. 

Ver, veris, n. spring. 

Verax, acis, adj. veracious; truth' 
telling. 

Verbum, i, n. a word. 



216 



VERGASILAUNUS ZENO. 



Vergasilaunus, i,m. Vergasilaunus, 
a chief of tlie Arverni, a people 
of Gaul. 
VerftM, atis, f. (verus,) truth. 
Vermis, a, urn, adj. (vet,) vernal; 

spring. 
Vero, conj. (verus,) but. 
Verres, is, m. VerreSy a Roman 

pra>tor. 
Versicolor, oris, adj. (ver.to & co- 
lor,) of divers colors. 
Verto, ere, verti, versum, a. & n. 

to turn. 
Verum, i, n. truth : from 
Verus, a, um, adj. ior, issimus, 

true ; real. 
Vescor, vesci, dep. to eat ; to sub- 
sist upon. 
Vesontio, onis, in. Besancon, a 

town of Gaul. 
Vester, tra, trum, pro. (vos,) 143, 

your. 
Vestigium, i, n. a track. 
Vestis, is, f. a garment ; dress. 
Via, se, f. a road ; a way. 
Viator, oris, m. (via,) a traveller. 
Vici. See Vinco. 
Victoria, se, f. victory : from 
Victus, a, um, part, (vinco.) 
Videns, tis, part, seeing : from 
Video, ere, vidi,visum, a. 250, to see. 
Videor, eri, visus sum, pass, (video,) 

to seem. 
Vigeo, ere, ui, n. to flourish. 
Vigilantia, se, f. (vigilans,) vigi- 
lance ; watchfulness ; wakeful- 
ness. 
Vigllo, are, avi, atum, n. (vigil,) to 

watch. 
Viffinti, num. adj. ind. twenty. 
Villa, ee, f. a villa ; a farm-house ; 

a cottage. 
Vinco, ere, vici, victum, a. to con- 
quer ; to overcome. 
Vindtco, are, avi, atum, a. to claim; 

to arrogate. 
Vinum, i, n. wine. 
Vir, viri, m. 87, a man; a husband. 
Vireo, ere, ui, n. to be green. 
Vires, ium, f. pi. See Vis. 



Virgo, Inis, f. a virgin ; a maid. 
Virtus, utis, f. (vir ; ) 101, virtue; 

merit; bravery. 
Vis, vis, f. (pi. vires), 126, force; 

strength ; a quantity ; a sum ; tri- 

olence : vis solis, the intense heat 

of the sun. 
Vita, ee, f. life. 
Vitis, is, f. a vine. 
Vitium, i, n. vice. 
Vitrum, i, n. glass. 
Vittington, is, m. WJiittington. 
Vivens, tis, part, living : from 
Vivo, ere, vixi, victum, n. to live / 

to reside ; to be. 
Vix, adv. scarcely. 
Vixi. See Vivo. 
Vobiscum. See Tu, and Cum. 
Vociferor, ari, atus sum, dep. to cry 

out ; to vociferate. 
Voco, are, avi, atum, a. 250, to call. 
Volandi, ger. (volo, are.) * 
Volatus, us, m. fight: from 
Volo, are, avi, atum, n. to fly. 
Volo, velle, volui, irr. a. to wish ; to 

purpose ; to be willing. 
Voliicer, cris, ere, adj. (volo, are,) 

winged: subs, volucres, um, f. 

pi. birds. 
Voluptas, atis, f. pleasure. 
Volusenus, i, m. Volusenus, a Ro- 
man officer. 
Volutans, tis, part, walloioing : from 
Voluto, are, avi, atum, a. freq. 

(volvo,) to roll : se volutare, to 

loalloio. 
Voro, are, avi, atum, a. to devour. 
Vos. See Tu. 
Vox, vocis, f. 95, a voice. 
Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcan, the son of 

Jupiter and Juno. 
Vulgus, i, n. & m. the vulgar. 
Vulpes, is, f. a fox. 
Vult, &c. See Volo. 

z. 

Zeno, 6nis, m. Zeno, * Grecian 
philosopher. 



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